In seinem Urteil (JZ 2013, 205, in diesem Heft) stellt der BGH ausdrücklich klar, dass sich die „Hemmschwellentheorie” in einem Hinweis auf § 261 StPO erschöpft. Eine Analyse der ...Entstehungsgeschichte des Hemmschwellen-Postulats zeigt, dass hierin sowohl aus materiell-rechtlicher als auch aus revisionsrechtlicher Sicht lediglich eine Rückbesinnung auf die ursprünglichen Rechtsprechungsgrundsätze zu sehen ist. Mit der Mahnung an den Tatrichter ist die Hoffnung auf mehr Opfergerechtigkeit bei der Aburteilung von (versuchten) Tötungsdelikten verbunden.
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Der Beitrag legt dar, dass zumindest keine Verpflichtung des Ermittlungsrichters besteht, eine mündliche Entscheidung nach lediglich (fern)mündlicher Information durch die Ermittlungsbehörden zu ...treffen. Auf dieser Grundlage ist eine gesetzessystematisch schlüssige und klare Abgrenzung möglich, wann Ermittlungsbehörden ihre Eilkompetenz in Anspruch nehmen können. Abschließend wird kurz auf die zu weitgehende Annahme von Verwertungsverboten seitens der abweichenden Ansicht eingegangen.
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Biallelic mutations in LIG4 encoding DNA-ligase 4 cause a rare immunodeficiency syndrome manifesting as infant-onset life-threatening and/or opportunistic infections, skeletal malformations, ...radiosensitivity and neoplasia. LIG4 is pivotal during DNA repair and during V(D)J recombination as it performs the final DNA-break sealing step.
This study explored whether monoallelic LIG4 missense mutations may underlie immunodeficiency and autoimmunity with autosomal dominant inheritance.
Extensive flow-cytometric immune-phenotyping was performed. Rare variants of immune system genes were analyzed by whole exome sequencing. DNA repair functionality and T-cell–intrinsic DNA damage tolerance was tested with an ensemble of in vitro and in silico tools. Antigen-receptor diversity and autoimmune features were characterized by high-throughput sequencing and autoantibody arrays. Reconstitution of wild-type versus mutant LIG4 were performed in LIG4 knockout Jurkat T cells, and DNA damage tolerance was subsequently assessed.
A novel heterozygous LIG4 loss-of-function mutation (p.R580Q), associated with a dominantly inherited familial immune-dysregulation consisting of autoimmune cytopenias, and in the index patient with lymphoproliferation, agammaglobulinemia, and adaptive immune cell infiltration into nonlymphoid organs. Immunophenotyping revealed reduced naive CD4+ T cells and low TCR-Vα7.2+ T cells, while T-/B-cell receptor repertoires showed only mild alterations. Cohort screening identified 2 other nonrelated patients with the monoallelic LIG4 mutation p.A842D recapitulating clinical and immune-phenotypic dysregulations observed in the index family and displaying T-cell–intrinsic DNA damage intolerance. Reconstitution experiments and molecular dynamics simulations categorize both missense mutations as loss-of-function and haploinsufficient.
This study provides evidence that certain monoallelic LIG4 mutations may cause human immune dysregulation via haploinsufficiency.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The drying of electrodes during the manufacturing process strongly affects both the cell performance and production costs of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Herein, we present a detailed study on ...the effect of temperature during the drying process on the performance and binder distribution of sulfurized poly(acrylonitrile) (SPAN) based electrodes using poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as the binder. The electrochemical performance of the PVdF- and PAA-based cathode coatings, which were dried at three different temperatures (30 °C, 60 °C and 90 °C), is analyzed by cycling against lithium metal and utilizing reference-assisted impedance spectroscopy. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF SIMS) is applied on both the surface and the cross-section of the electrodes to determine the binder distribution. Contrary to the PAA-based cathodes, PVdF-based electrodes exhibit binder migration to the electrode surface at elevated coating drying temperatures. The enrichment of PVdF on the surface leads to an increase in the charge transfer resistance and thereby reduces the rate capability.
Quantifying the potential costs of catastrophic and climate impacted hazards is a challenging but important exercise as the occurrence of such events is usually associated with high damage and ...uncertainty. At the local level, there is often a lack of information on rare extreme events, which means that the available data is not sufficient to fit a distribution and derive parameter values for frequency and severity distributions. This paper discusses the use of local assessments of extreme events and utilises expert elicitation in order to obtain values for distribution parameters that will feed into management decisions with regards to quantifying catastrophic risks. We illustrate a simple approach, where a local expert is required to only specify two percentiles of the loss distribution in order to provide an estimate for the severity distribution of climate impacted hazards. In our approach we use heavy-tailed distributions to capture the severity of events. Our method allows local government decision makers to focus on extreme losses and the tail of the distribution. An illustration of the method is provided utilising an example that quantifies property losses from bushfires for a local area in northern Sydney. We further illustrate how key variables, such as discount rates, assumptions about climatic change and adaptation measures, will impact the estimates of losses.
•An approach for quantifying catastrophic risks at the local level is developed.•We use expert elicitation in order to estimate the parameters of loss distributions.•Our method informs decision makers about worst case scenarios and extreme outcomes.•We illustrate the approach evaluating risks from bushfires for a local area in Australia.•Using our methodology, managers can easily conduct sensitivity analysis for key variables.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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