Biomass is indirect source of solar energy and it is renewable in nature. It is one of the most important energy source in near future because of its extensive spread availability and promising ...potential to reduce global warming. Thermo chemical conversion of biomass yield variety of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and have equal importance both at industrial and ecological point of views. Present review gives holistic view of various thermo-chemical conversion route of biomass. Gasification technology, pyrolysis options and scope of potential by product from there routes like hydrogen and charcoal production comprehensively reviewed with present context.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Jaggery is a kind of unrefined non-centrifugal sugar (NCS) used mainly in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Traditionally, jaggery is produced by concentrating sugarcane juice in open ...pans with the help of bagasse combustion. However, due to thermal energy loss with flue gases and an unscientific approach in plant construction, jaggery plants have a poor thermal efficiency of less than 25%, poor emission characteristics, and a high bagasse consumption rate. Advanced jaggery-making techniques use solar energy and heat pumps for jaggery production. However, these techniques are in the early stage of development, and the literature indicates that these techniques should be used in conjuction with traditional ones to improve the performance of jaggery making plants. This literature review describes advances in jaggery-making methods, critically analyzed them, and provides a qualitative comparison of these methods. Further, gaps in the existing literature are identified and reported for future research direction.
In addition, efforts have been made to quantify and estimate the emissions reduction and bagasse consumption potentials from the traditional jaggery industry to make this rural industry a sustainable and profitable business for rural entrepreneurs. The comparison with the recently developed clean combustion device exhibits that the harmful emissions from the jaggery industry could be reduced drastically viz. 95%–98% of PM2.5; 92%–95% of CO, and 52–60% of CO2, while saving more than 35% of bagasse consumption. Implemented at a national scale, it may reduce nearly 3% of all harmful emissions in the country, which is equally applicable elsewhere.
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•The traditional jaggery plants exhibit poor thermal and environmental performance.•Integration of advanced technologies in traditional plants is the way forward.•Life cycle assessment of jaggery plants is missing from the literature.•Bagasse use and national emission can be reduced by 35% and 3%, respectively.•Emission of PM2.5, CO and CO2 can be reduced by 98%, 95% and 60%, respectively.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Futuristic solutions for thermal management in PV/T collectors.•Categorical description of the latest techniques and applications.•Techno-economic feasibility of the PV/T technology.•Significant ...role to counter building’s load requirement and emission challenges.•Exploiting latent heat for efficient thermal regulation.
This paper aims to present a futuristic review on the potential of photovoltaic-thermal or PV/T systems in a wide spectrum for the efficient utilization of solar radiation through well engineered hybrid PV/T systems. These hybrid PV/T system based technology is just 30 years old which had gained significant attention from the researchers and academicians all over the world in a recent decade. The word PV/T is composed of PV (photovoltaic) + T (thermal) i.e. the simultaneous production of heat and electricity in an integrated manner thus paving the way towards improving the overall energy efficiency of the system. It is a sort of co-generation technology so that the issue of low efficiency associated with existing PV technology can be impact fully addressed. It provides an opportunity for the efficient utilizing of solar radiation which is eventually dissipated as waste heat in the PV cells causing decrease in the efficiency of the PV cells. This paper covers an extensive overview of the most recent trends and useful technologies available for thermal management in PV/T collectors in a categorical manner i.e. air based, liquid based, phase change material (PCM) based and heat pipe based along with wide range of possible applications in building, solar distillation /desalination and thermoelectric generators & heat pumps. The paper also covers economical aspects like payback period, concept of Net Present Value (NPV) and exergo-economic & enviro-economic parameters for the economic assessment of the PV/T systems. The results are being tabulated for visual understanding of the different techniques being reviewed. The paper also identifies the potential role of PV/T systems to mitigate emission challenges particularly with respect to building applications.
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IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The ever increasing penetration of renewable energy systems (RESs) in today deregulated intelligent power grids, necessitates the use of electrical storage systems. Energy storage systems (ESSs) are ...helpful to make balance between generation and demand improving the performance of whole power grid. In collaboration with RESs, energy storage devices can be integrated into the power networks to bring ancillary service for the power system and hence enable an increased penetration of distributed generation (DG) units. This paper presents different applications of electrical energy storage technologies in power systems emphasizing on the collaboration of such entities with RESs. The role of ESSs in intelligent micropower grids is also discussed where the stochastic nature of renewable energy sources may affect the power quality. Particular attention is paid to flywheel storage, electrochemical storage, pumped hydroelectric storage, and compressed air storage and their operating principle are discussed as well. The application of each type in the area of power system is investigated and compared to others.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
One of the technologies which help to reduce energy consumption is the thermal energy storage for cooling applications where the cold is stored in phase change materials (PCMs). Such materials would ...be suitable for use in buildings because they can store a large amount of cold and phase change occurs at a constant temperature, thereby increasing thermal comfort. The aim of the study was to investigate how and where PCMs are used in the cooling systems, how are these systems related to buildings, if they provide lower energy consumption, how the indoor temperatures change due to PCMs and if the indoor air conditions improve. In this article are firstly presented materials that are suitable for such applications and desirable properties for use in such applications. A review of cooling systems follows, which are divided into four groups, namely: free cooling applications, encapsulated PCM systems, air-conditioning (AC) systems and sorption cooling systems, both with integrated PCMs. All studies have shown that the use of PCMs helps to improve energy performance of buildings, the problems were encountered in heat transfer and the amount of PCM needed for storage. These topics are also worthy of further research.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Petroleum refining operations such as hydroprocessing and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) generate huge quantities of spent catalysts containing toxic and valuable metals (Ni, V, Mo, Co, W, Al, etc.), ...the management of which is a serious environmental issue. Besides environmental concerns, the different metals present in the spent catalysts are also a valuable commodity to modern industries. Therefore, these spent catalysts also provide an opportunity to use it as a source of value to the refiners. In recent years, a biotechnological based leaching process ‘bioleaching’ has emerged as a promising eco-friendly technique for the extraction of metals from these refinery spent catalysts. Among various bioleaching agents such as archean, bacterial, or fungi, the process mediated by the fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium simplicissimum, and many others) is gaining attention owing to the high metal extraction ability of the various fungal produced metabolites (organic acids) under moderately acidic conditions. Furthermore, the ability of these fungi to withstand wide process conditions (pH, spent catalyst concentration, substrate types, etc.), high metal toxicity and use of low-cost organic substrate make them an ideal candidate for bioleaching. In this review article, we shed light on the role and mechanisms of fungi involved in extracting different metals from spent hydroprocessing and FCC catalysts. Key process parameters that affect the efficiency of fungal based bioleaching are discussed. The techno-economic challenges associated with the process are elaborated, and the needed future research directions to promote its commercial applications are highlighted. Based on our analysis, it can be argued that the fungi bioleaching has potential, however, some challenges (slower kinetics, and health and safety) should be addressed before the process can be scaled up for the commercial application.
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•Fungal bioleaching of petroleum refinery spent catalyst has been reviewed in detail.•The reaction mechanisms of each fungus are described.•Key techno-economic and environmental challenges are discussed.•Prospects for fungal bioleaching processes are discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The energy crisis and environmental degradation are currently two vital issues for global sustainable development. Rapid industrialization and population explosion in India has led to the migration ...of people from villages to cities, which generate thousands tons of municipal solid waste daily, which is one of the important contributors for environmental degradation at national level. Improper management of municipal solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants. The management of MSW requires proper infrastructure, maintenance and upgrade for all activities.
The MSWM (municipal solid waste management) system comprises with generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes.
In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of MSW management to evaluate the current status of waste to energy facilities for sustainable management, which will be helpful in tackling this huge quantity of waste and the problem of energy crisis.
A critical review of known MSW management practices/processes in Indian scenario, which will give an idea to investors about the market potential, the maturity of the practicing technologies, and the environmental and economical aspects was also evaluated with its advantages and disadvantages.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Rate of energy production is reflecting growth of nations and most of energy produced from the coal and natural gas-based thermal power plants (TPPs). Flue gas (point sources of emission) are main ...exhaustible form of gases that come from thermal power plants and are continuously promoting climate change and various environmental problems in global scenario. The present available technologies of flue gas treatment are energy and cost-intensive process. Among the available techniques for fixation of flue-gases at sustainable part, microalgal bio-fixation of flue gas is an alternative promising and competent technology with assurance of eco-friendly path of low energy and low-cost solution for pollution abetment with production of value added products. According to mechanism involves during photosynthetic process of microalgae, it utilizes atmospheric CO2 and CO2 from flue gases for their growth. Past, present and future treatment technologies for flue gas with their challenges are discussed. Recent experimental studies and commercially available bioreactors are very particular for bio-fixation of flue gas from thermal power plants are also reviewed with their future perspectives. The commercial viability of process with specific microalgal strains and utilized biomass for further value-added products are suggested with future limitations.
•Flue gas emits from thermal power plants consists of COx, NOx, SOx and heavy metals.•Strain selection & culturing system is important for bio-fixation of flue gas.•Closed type photobioreactors are more suitable for bio-fixation of flue gas.•Bio-fixation rate is totally depends upon the raw materials used in TPPs.•Process cost is a major challenge for bio-fixation of flue gas from TPPs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
During the last decade, water demand and wastewater generation has increased due to urbanization around the globe which had led to an increase in the utilization of chemicals/synthetic polymers for ...treating the wastewaters. These synthetic polymers used during the coagulation/flocculation process are non-renewable, non-biodegradable, and have a potential neurotoxic and carcinogenic effect. From the literature it is clear that extracellular polymer substance (EPS) is a potential bioflocculant, moreover it is renewable, biodegradable, eco-friendly, non-toxic as well as economically valued product. The various identification techniques and extraction methods of EPS are elaborated. Further application of EPS as absorbent in removing the dye from the industrial effluent is presented. Moreover EPS as a potential adsorbent for heavy metal removal from the various effluent is discussed. In addition, EPS is also utilized for soil remediation and soil erosion control. Mainly, EPS as bioflocculant in treating raw water, wastewater treatment, leachate and sludge management are summarized in this review.
•Extracellular polymer substance (EPS) is a potential bio-flocculant.•EPS is environmental friendly, non-toxic, and biodegradable.•Identification of EPS producing bacteria using different techniques are presented.•EPS is used in soil remediation, soil erosion control, and heavy metal removal from the industrial effluents.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In order to study the changes in latent heat of fusion and melting temperature of calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl
2·6H
2O) inorganic salt as a latent heat storage material, a thousand accelerated ...thermal cycle tests have been conducted. The effect of thermal cycling and the reliability in terms of the changing of the melting temperature using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is determined. It has been noticed that the CaCl
2·6H
2O melts between a stable range of temperature and has shown small variations in the latent heat of fusion during the thermal cycling process. Thus, it can be a promising phase change material (PCM) for heating and cooling applications for various building/storage systems.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
