Thermal energy storage (TES) systems using phase change material (PCM) have been recognized as one of the most advanced energy technologies in enhancing the energy efficiency and sustainability of ...buildings. Now the research is focus on suitable method to incorporate PCMs with building. There are several methods to use phase change materials (PCMs) in thermal energy storage (TES) for different applications. Microencapsulation is one of the well known and advanced technologies for better utilization of PCMs with building parts, such as, wall, roof and floor besides, within the building materials. Phase change materials based microencapsulation for latent heat thermal storage (LHTS) systems for building application offers a challenging option to be employed as effective thermal energy storage and a retrieval device. Since the particular interest in using microencapsulation PCMs for concrete and wall/wallboards, the specific research efforts on both subjects are reviewed separately. This paper presents an overview of the previous research work on microencapsulation technology for thermal energy storage incorporating the phase change materials (PCMs) in the building applications, along with few useful conclusive remarks concluded from the available literature.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
This article presents an overview on the research and development and application aspects for the hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector systems. A major research and development work on the ...photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) hybrid technology has been done since last 30 years. Different types of solar thermal collector and new materials for PV cells have been developed for efficient solar energy utilization. The solar energy conversion into electricity and heat with a single device (called hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collector) is a good advancement for future energy demand. This review presents the trend of research and development of technological advancement in photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) solar collectors and its useful applications like as solar heating, water desalination, solar greenhouse, solar still, photovoltaic–thermal solar heat pump/air-conditioning system, building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPVT) and solar power co-generation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Hydrogen generation from wastewater is one of the promising approaches through biological route. So, exploitation of wastewater as substrate for hydrogen production with concurrent wastewater ...treatment is an attractive and effective way of tapping clean energy from renewable resources in a sustainable approach. In this direction, considerable interest is observed on various biological routes of hydrogen production using bio-photolysis, photo fermentation and heterotrophic dark fermentation process or by a combination of these processes. Therefore, in this communication, utilizing industrial wastewater as primary substrate for dark fermentation process is reviewed and different parametric aspects associated with this sustainable approach for better energy production is discussed. The industrial wastewaters that could be the source for bio hydrogen generation, such as rice slurry wastewater, food and domestic wastewaters, citric acid wastewater and paper mill wastewater, are also discussed in this article.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) is an attractive method for the stabilization of solid organic waste with high solid concentration (22–40%). This article provides different aspects for bio-energy ...production through dry anaerobic digestion suggested by different researchers. Basic fundamental aspects like reactions occurring in the process, microbial species involved in the process, effect of feedstocks and operational parameters like pH, temperature, C/N ratio, VFA concentration, etc. with types of reactors are summarized. A number of scenarios and the effect of changing individual parameters of the environmental impacts of dry anaerobic digestion process for biogas production are considered. Mobility of mass nutrient and energy flow in the above said process are also parts of this review article. We conclude that long term research and development for improvement and optimization of operational parameters in dry anaerobic digestion is necessary.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The use of renewable energy systems for real life applications has been increasing for the last few decades due to the growing concern about the global warming and environmental pollution. The ...renewable energy sources are clean and freely available in the nature, however, the efficient utilization is still a cause of concern among the scientific and business communities. This paper presents an extensive literature review on both the energy and exergy analyses of typical renewable energy systems including, solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and biomass cookstove. Some important conclusions from the literature survey has been drawn and summarized in this paper. Among all important aspects studied and summarized in this paper, it is found that most of the analysis carried out for renewable energy systems so far is based on the energy analysis. Also for all renewable energy systems, the performance based on exergy analysis, in general, is found to be lesser than that of the energy analysis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Nowadays, energy is key consideration in discussions of sustainable development. So, sustainable development requires a sustainable supply of clean and affordable renewable energy sources that do not ...cause negative societal impacts. Energy sources such as solar radiation, the winds, waves and tides are generally considered renewable and, therefore, sustainable over the relatively long term. Wastes and biomass fuels are usually viewed as sustainable energy sources. Wastes are convertible to useful energy forms like hydrogen (biohydrogen), biogas, bioalcohol, etc., through waste-to-energy technologies.
In this article, possible future energy utilization patterns and related environmental impacts, potential solutions to current environmental problems and renewable energy technologies and their relation to sustainable development are discussed with great emphasis on waste-to-energy routes (WTERs).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Phase change materials (PCMs) utilized for thermal energy storage applications are verified to be a promising technology due to their larger benefits over other heat storage techniques. Apart from ...the advantageous thermophysical properties of PCM, the effective utilization of PCM depends on its life span. Moreover, PCMs which are utilized for different solar thermal energy storage applications are required longer thermal and chemical stability for the extended performance of a system. This review shows the in-depth details on thermal stability and reliability of different PCMs such as organic, inorganic, eutectics, and composites materials for heat storage applications. Different methods for measuring the thermophysical properties along with the classification of PCMs based on applications and temperature ranges have been discussed. This paper also covers the selection criteria and commercial viability of PCMs for different domestic and industrial applications. In addition to this, the effect of thermal cycle testing on the properties of different organic, inorganic, eutectic, and composite PCMs has been summarized. The present article can be highly useful for researchers and practice engineers in the areas related to thermal energy storage applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has the advantages of high-energy storage density and the isothermal ...nature of the storage process. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal-storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering, and spacecraft thermal control applications. The uses of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings have been investigated within the past decade. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at a wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. This paper also summarizes the investigation and analysis of the available thermal energy storage systems incorporating PCMs for use in different applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
► PCM encapsulated with HDPE panel based thermal energy storage system was designed and studied experimentally. ► The results of TMS system have shown good potential for space cooling applications. ► ...Different heat loads were used for actual performance study of PCM based TMS system.
In the present work, the thermal management system (TMS) for cool energy storage has been designed and studied experimentally. A prototype test room was designed to investigate the performance study of the thermal management system (TMS) with different operation conditions to maintain the temperature in under comfort range. The room air temperature, ambient temperature and PCM temperature at different locations were measured continuously. The TMS has sixty PCMs based high density polyethylene panels. The experimental room temperature was maintained between 22 and 24°C during the cool energy storage in TMS. The different heat loads were used to know the real performance of TMS system for maintaining the experimental room temperature. The results of the study showed that there is a significant variation in the time duration to exceed the thermal comfort temperature with different heat loads. The experimental room temperature was maintained at 9h, 3:30h and 2:30h in the presence of thermal management system with different heat loads. In other words, the temperature profile of the test room with room heater of 1kW is found to be longest when it is used in the presence of TMS, while it is found to be the shortest in the case of 3kW room heater without TMS. Thus it can be concluded that the TMS can maintain the room air temperature for long time even with an active heating load and hence, the TMS used in this study is a good alternative for both passive and active building space conditioning applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The development in solar PV technology is growing very fast in recent years due to technological improvement, cost reductions in materials and government support for renewable energy based ...electricity production. Photovoltaic is playing an important role to utilize solar energy for electricity production worldwide. At present, the PV market is growing rapidly with worldwide around 23.5GW in 2010 and also growing at an annual rate of 35–40%, which makes photovoltaic as one of the fastest growing industries. The efficiency of solar cell is one of the important parameter in order to establish this technology in the market. Presently, extensive research work is going for efficiency improvement of solar cells for commercial use. The efficiency of monocrystalline silicon solar cell has showed very good improvement year by year. It starts with only 15% in 1950s and then increase to 17% in 1970s and continuously increase up to 28% nowadays. The growth in solar photovoltaic technologies including worldwide status, materials for solar cells, efficiency, factor affecting the performance of PV module, overview on cost analysis of PV and its environmental impact are reviewed in this paper.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
