A new approach to the spectrophotometric determination of metronidazole (MZ) and tinidazole (TZ) has been developed. The procedure involves coupling of diazotized nitroimidazoles with ...p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) to form a greenish-yellow solution. Optimal temperature and time were 0 °C (iced) and 3 minutes for diazotization and 30 °C and 2 minutes for coupling for both MZ and TZ. Coloured adducts of MZ and TZ showed shoulders at 406 nm and 404 nm, respectively, which were selected as analytical wavelengths. The reaction with p-DMAB occurred in a 1:1 mole ratio. Beer's law was obeyed within the 4.8-76.8 μg mL-1 concentration range with low limits of detection. The azo adducts were stable for over a week. Molar absorptivities were 1.10 × 103 (MZ) and 1.30 × 103 L mol-1 cm-1 (TZ). Overall recoveries of MZ and TZ from quality control samples were 103.2 ± 1.3 and 101.9 ± 1.3% over three days. There was no interference from commonly utilized tablet excipients. No significant difference was obtained between the results of the new method and the BP titrimetric procedures. The azo approach using the p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde procedure described in this paper is simple, fast, accurate and precise. It is the first application of DMAB as a coupling component in the diazo coupling reaction.
U radu je opisan novi način spektrofotometrijskog određivanja metronidazola (MZ) i tinidazola (TZ). Postupak uključuje reakciju diazotiranog nitroimidazola s p-dimetilaminobenzaldehidom (DMAB), pri čemu nastaje zelenkasto-žuta otopina. Optimalna temperatura i vrijeme za diazotaciju su 0 °C (ledena kupelj) i 3 minute, a za reakciju kondenzacije 30 °C i 2 minute. Obojeni adukti imaju maksimum apsorpcije pri 406, odnosno 404 nm pa su te valne duljine izabrane za analitički postupak. Reakcija s p-DMAB zbiva se u množinskom omjeru 1:1. Reakcija slijedi Beerov zakon u koncentracijskom rasponu 4,8-76,8 μg mL-1 s niskim granicama detekcije. Azo adukti su stabilni preko tjedan dana. Molarna apsorptivnost bila je 1,10 × 103 (MZ), odnosno 1,30 × 103 L mol1 cm1 (TZ). Ukupni povrat MZ i TZ iz kontrolnih uzoraka bio je 103,2 ± 1,3, odnosno 101,9 ± 1,3 % tijekom tri dana. Nije zamijećena nikakva interferencija uobičajenih pomoćnih tvari koje se koriste za tabletiranje. Ne postoji značajna razlika između rezultata dobivenih novom metodom i rezultata dobivenih BP titrimetrijskim postupkom. Metoda određivanja opisana u ovom radu je jednostavna, brza, pogodna, točna i precizna i po prvi puta uključuje DMAB u reakciji diazo kopulacije.
U radu je opisan novi način spektrofotometrijskog određivanja metronidazola (MZ) i tinidazola (TZ). Postupak uključuje reakciju diazotiranog nitroimidazola s p-dimetilaminobenzaldehidom (DMAB), pri ...čemu nastaje zelenkasto-žuta otopina. Optimalna temperatura i vrijeme za diazotaciju su 0 oC (ledena kupelj) i 3 minute, a za reakciju kondenzacije 30 oC i 2 minute. Obojeni adukti imaju maksimum apsorpcije pri 406, odnosno 404 nm pa su te valne duljine izabrane za analitički postupak. Reakcija s p-DMAB zbiva se u množinskom omjeru 1:1. Reakcija slijedi Beerov zakon u koncentracijskom rasponu 4,8–76,8 µg mL1 s niskim granicama detekcije. Azo adukti su stabilni preko tjedan dana. Molarna apsorptivnost bila je 1,10 × 103 (MZ), odnosno 1,30 × 103 L mol1 cm1 (TZ). Ukupni povrat MZ i TZ iz kontrolnih uzoraka bio je 103,2 ± 1,3, odnosno 101,9 ± 1,3 % tijekom tri dana. Nije zamijećena nikakva interferencija uobičajenih pomoćnih tvari koje se koriste za tabletiranje. Ne postoji značajna razlika između rezultata dobivenih novom metodom i rezultata dobivenih BP titrimetrijskim postupkom. Metoda određivanja opisana u ovom radu je jednostavna, brza, pogodna, točna i precizna i po prvi puta uključuje DMAB u reakciji diazo kopulacije.
Recent researches suggests magnesium as an adjuvant medication for COVID 19 patients. Magnesium relaxes skeletal muscles, an effect when prolonged in intestinal smooth muscles can cause severe ...discomfort such as bloating, vomiting, constipation and nausea. The objectives of this study was to ascertain if magnesium will cause relaxation of the intestinal (ileum) smooth muscles as it does in skeletal muscles. Also, this research seeks to find out the receptor pathway through which magnesium will alter motility in the gut using acetylcholine, atropine and propranolol. Ten male albino wistar rats (100–150 g) were randomly assigned into two groups (control and magnesium treated) (n = 5). Animals were acclimatized for two weeks before treatment which lasted for 6 weeks. Magnesium treated animals received oral magnesium glycinate (1600 mg/70 kg) daily while control group receive normal saline of equal volume. All animals had free access to food and water ad libitum. Results were analyzed at statistical level of P < 0.05. Body weight changes, food and water intake were not statistically significant. Basal contractions of ileum in magnesium treated group were significantly lower compared to control group. Propranolol significantly increased the percentage relaxation in magnesium treated group compared to the control. Atropine significantly decrease the percentage relaxation in magnesium treated group compared to the control. Higher doses of acetylcholine (10−5 and 10−4) increased the contractions in magnesium treated group. Conclusively, magnesium decreases motility of the intestine through beta adrenergic receptor pathway. Intake of magnesium for long period should be closely monitored to avoid the discomforting symptoms earlier stated.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Three varieties of
Gnetum africanum viz. the Asutan, Oron and Ikom, commonly consumed in the Southern parts of Nigeria, were assayed for their proximate nutritional composition and fibre ...characteristics as they related to age of the leaves. Nutritionally, the Asutan variety was significantly (
p<0.05) superior to the other two. It had the highest levels of ash, protein, lipid and highest caloric value. It also had the lowest contents of antinutrients such as tannins, oxalates, glucosinolates and hydrocyanic acid, which were all below documented toxic levels. Bioassay using albino rats confirmed the high nutritional value of the Asutan variety. Phytogeriatological assay showed that, in the Asutan variety, protein content, crude fibre, fibre length and fibre width increased with age of the plant, peaking at 6–12 months. There was positive correlation between crude fibre, fibre length and age (
p<0.05) whereas crude protein, in vitro digestibility and fibre width were negatively correlated with age. The findings are discussed with special reference to the possible contribution of
G. africanum to the nutrient requirements of man in health and disease. A suggestion is also made for the selective cultivation of the Asutan variety over the other two.
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IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an important therapeutic class of drugs widely used to suppress acute or chronic pains and inflammatory diseases such as in rheumatoid arthritis ...(RA), osteoarthritis (OS) etc. The aim of this study was to investigate the random combination and individual effect of COX-2 inhibitors (NSAIDs) on the liver. This study was conducted using a total of 40 adults Wistar rats. The rats were divided into eight groups of 5 rats each. Group one was the control group, group 2 was given piroxicam (0.29mg/kg) daily, group 3 was given ibuprofen (5.71mg/kg) daily, and group 4 received diclofenac (1.42mg/kg) daily. Group 5 received piroxicam (0.29mg/kg bodyweight) plus ibuprofen (0.58mg/kg), group 6 received piroxicam (0.29mg/kg) plus diclofenac (1.42mg/kg) and group 7 received ibuprofen (0.58mg/kg) plus diclofenac (1.42mg/kg) respectively daily. Group 8 was given Piroxicam (0.29mg/kg bodyweight) plus Ibuprofen (5.71mg/kg) plus diclofenac (1.42mg/kg) daily. Intervention was over a period of 3days. Animals were sacrificed after 24 hours and the liver tissues were excised, some were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological studies while others were placed in normal saline for biochemical analysis. The results revealed that there was no significant statistical difference in total bilirubin, ALT and AST when compared to the control. This suggests that NSAIDs may have no significant effects on the liver for this regimen. Histological changes observed were congested portal vein, haemorrhagic bile ducts, distortion of portal triad and sinusoids, and degeneration of hepatocytes. In conclusion, NSAIDs may have harmful effect on the cytoarchitecture of the liver which can lead to liver damage especially when given in high doses and in combination, but however it had no effect on liver function.
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