Tone‐mapping constitutes a key component within the field of high dynamic range (HDR) imaging. Its importance is manifested in the vast amount of tone‐mapping methods that can be found in the ...literature, which are the result of an active development in the area for more than two decades. Although these can accommodate most requirements for display of HDR images, new challenges arose with the advent of HDR video, calling for additional considerations in the design of tone‐mapping operators (TMOs). Today, a range of TMOs exist that do support video material. We are now reaching a point where most camera captured HDR videos can be prepared in high quality without visible artifacts, for the constraints of a standard display device. In this report, we set out to summarize and categorize the research in tone‐mapping as of today, distilling the most important trends and characteristics of the tone reproduction pipeline. While this gives a wide overview over the area, we then specifically focus on tone‐mapping of HDR video and the problems this medium entails. First, we formulate the major challenges a video TMO needs to address. Then, we provide a description and categorization of each of the existing video TMOs. Finally, by constructing a set of quantitative measures, we evaluate the performance of a number of the operators, in order to give a hint on which can be expected to render the least amount of artifacts. This serves as a comprehensive reference, categorization and comparative assessment of the state‐of‐the‐art in tone‐mapping for HDR video.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
How do we construct national identities in discourse? Which topics, which discursive strategies and which linguistic devices are employed to construct national sameness and uniqueness on the one ...hand, and differences to other national collectives on the o
Colletotrichum cliviae
is a fungal species reported both as pathogen and endophyte with broad geographical distribution. Some purported isolates of this species have been assigned to different taxa, ...including
Colletotrichum aracearum
,
Colletotrichum orchidearum
and
Colletotrichum. sichuanensis
, for which a preliminary analysis of extensive multilocus (ACT, GAPDH, ITS, TUB2) data in this study revealed high sequence similarity with
C. cliviae
. We further reassessed the species delineation by using the coalescent method of the generalized mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) and Poisson Tree Processes (PTP). Single and multilocus gene trees strongly supported a
C. cliviae
s. lat. clade including the four species. This clade unfolded eight subclades grouped into three distinct lineages, but no monophyly of any of the four species. GMYC and PTP analyses confidently supported the evolutionary independence of these lineages.
C. sichuanensis
and
C. cliviae
, except one isolate, formed the largest lineage. The second lineage was made up of isolates named
C. aracearum
and some of
C. orchidearum
sharing the haplotype and the third lineage accommodated two isolates named
C. cliviae
and
C. orchidearum
. This finding suggests the synonymization of
C. sichuanensis
with
C. cliviae
whereas the taxonomic status of
C. aracearum
and
C. orchidearum
still needs clarification. This study lays great stress upon the use of comprehensive data for sequence-based characterisation of species in the
C. cliviae
s. lat. It also presents the first report of
C. cliviae
in tropical Africa and on citrus host.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In a recent plane stress asymptotic solution for a mode I steadily moving crack in an elastic/perfectly plastic material, an exact solution for the proportionality function of the flow rule was not ...determined. Here, an exact solution is found for this function in the fan region of mathematical characteristics. The exact proportionality function of the flow rule is useful in determining the extent of radial distance from the crack tip for which the material remains stable. Although the plastic proportionality function is itself a function of Poisson’s ratio, the limiting value of maximum radius for a stable solution is independent of this material parameter.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the intra-urban sky view factor (SVF)–temperature relationship. A new approach to reveal the real connection between SVF and air temperature in an entire ...city is presented. The results found in the literature are rather contradictory, possibly due the fact that previous investigations were limited to the central or specific parts (e.g. inner city, urban canyons) of cities and used few sites and measurements. Comparisons were often based on element pairs measured at selected sites. In some cases areal means were also discussed, but always in connection with one of the variables examined. For comparison, the present study in Szeged, SE Hungary, utilizes a large number of areal means of SVF and air temperature. The values are related to almost a whole city and based on numerous measurements. The results show a strong relationship in the intra-urban variations of these variables, i.e. urban surface geometry is a significant determining factor of the air temperature distribution inside a city if the selected scale is appropriate. Therefore, investigation of a sufficient number of appropriate-sized areas covering the largest part of a city or the entire city is needed to draw well-established conclusions.
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Image synthesis designed for machine learning applications provides the means to efficiently generate large quantities of training data while controlling the generation process to provide the best ...distribution and content variety. With the demands of deep learning applications, synthetic data have the potential of becoming a vital component in the training pipeline. Over the last decade, a wide variety of training data generation methods has been demonstrated. The potential of future development calls to bring these together for comparison and categorization. This survey provides a comprehensive list of the existing image synthesis methods for visual machine learning. These are categorized in the context of image generation, using a taxonomy based on modelling and rendering, while a classification is also made concerning the computer vision applications they are used. We focus on the computer graphics aspects of the methods, to promote future image generation for machine learning. Finally, each method is assessed in terms of quality and reported performance, providing a hint on its expected learning potential. The report serves as a comprehensive reference, targeting both groups of the applications and data development sides. A list of all methods and papers reviewed herein can be found at https://computergraphics.on.liu.se/image_synthesis_methods_for_visual_machine_learning/.
Image synthesis designed for machine learning applications provides the means to efficiently generate large quantities of training data while controlling the generation process to provide the best distribution and content variety. With the demands of deep learning applications, synthetic data have the potential of becoming a vital component in the training pipeline. Over the last decade, a wide variety of training data generation methods has been demonstrated. The potential of future development calls to bring these together for comparison and categorization. This survey provides a comprehensive list of the existing image synthesis methods for visual machine learning. These are categorized in the context of image generation, using a taxonomy based on modelling and rendering, while a classification is also made concerning the computer vision applications they are used. We focus on the computer graphics aspects of the methods, to promote future image generation for machine learning. Finally, each method is assessed in terms of quality and reported performance, providing a hint on its expected learning potential. The report serves as a comprehensive reference, targeting both groups of the applications and data development sides. A list of all methods and papers reviewed herein can be found at https://computergraphics.on.liu.se/image_synthesis_methods_for_visual_machine_learning/.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sialic acids are negatively charged nine-carbon carboxylated monosaccharides that often cap glycans on glycosylated proteins and lipids. Because of their strategic location at the cell surface, ...sialic acids contribute to interactions that are critical for immune homeostasis via interactions with sialic acid-binding Ig-type lectins (siglecs). In particular, these interactions may be of importance in cases where sialic acids may be overexpressed, such as on certain pathogens and tumors. We now demonstrate that modification of antigens with sialic acids (Sia-antigens) regulates the generation of antigenspecific regulatory T (Treg) cells via dendritic cells (DCs). Additionally, DCs that take up Sia-antigen prevent formation of effector CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. Importantly, the regulatory properties endowed on DCs upon Sia-antigen uptake are antigen-specific: only T cells responsive to the sialylated antigen become tolerized. In vivo, injection of Sia-antigen–loaded DCs increased de novo Treg-cell numbers and dampened effector T-cell expansion and IFN-γ production. The dual tolerogenic features that Sia-antigen imposed on DCs are Siglec-E–mediated and maintained under inflammatory conditions. Moreover, loading DCs with Sia-antigens not only inhibited the function of in vitro–established Th1 and Th17 effector T cells but also significantly dampened ex vivo myelinreactive T cells, present in the circulation of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These data indicate that sialic acid-modified antigens instruct DCs in an antigen-specific tolerogenic programming, enhancing Treg cells and reducing the generation and propagation of inflammatory T cells. Our data suggest that sialylation of antigens provides an attractive way to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance.
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Objective
To assess the effect of short message service (SMS) communication on facility delivery, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), and contraceptive use.
Design
Mobile WACh was a three‐arm unblinded ...individually randomised controlled trial.
Setting
A public sector maternal child health (MCH) clinic in Nairobi, Kenya.
Population
Three hundred women attending antenatal care were randomised, 100 to each arm, and followed for 24 weeks postpartum. Pregnant women, at least 14 years old with access to a mobile phone and able to read SMS were eligible for participation.
Methods
Women were randomised (1:1:1) to receive one‐way SMS versus two‐way SMS with a nurse versus control. Weekly SMS content was tailored for maternal characteristics and pregnancy or postpartum timing.
Main outcome measures
Facility delivery, EBF, and contraceptive use were compared separately between each intervention arm and the control arm by Kaplan–Meier analysis and chi‐square tests using intent‐to‐treat analyses.
Results
The overall facility delivery rate was high (98%) and did not differ by arm. Compared with controls, probability of EBF was higher in the one‐way SMS arm at 10 and 16 weeks, and in the two‐way SMS arm at 10, 16, and 24 weeks (P < 0.005 for all). Contraceptive use was significantly higher in both intervention arms by 16 weeks (one‐way SMS: 72% and two‐way SMS: 73%; P = 0.03 and P = 0.02 versus 57% control, respectively); however, this difference was not significant when correcting for multiple comparisons.
Conclusion
One‐way and two‐way SMS improved EBF practices and early contraceptive use. Two‐way SMS had an added benefit on sustained EBF, providing evidence that SMS messaging influences uptake of interventions that improve maternal and neonatal health.
Source of funding
Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health (K12HD001264 to JAU, R01HD080460, K24HD054314 to GJS, and K01AI116298 to ALD), the National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship to TP and BD), as well as the University of Washington Global Center for Integrated Health of Women Adolescents and Children (Global WACh).
Tweetable
The Mobile WACh RCT demonstrates that SMS improved practice of exclusive breastfeeding and early postpartum contraception.
Tweetable
The Mobile WACh RCT demonstrates that SMS improved practice of exclusive breastfeeding and early postpartum contraception.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Specific therapy with modulated DC may restore immunological tolerance, thereby obviating the need for chronic immunosuppression in transplantation or autoimmunity. In this study we compared the ...tolerizing capacity of dexamethasone (Dex)- and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3)-modulated DC. Treatment of monocytes with either VD3 or Dex resulted in DC with stable, semi-mature phenotypes compared with standard DC, with intermediate levels of co-stimulatory and MHC class II molecules, which remained unaltered after subsequent pro-inflammatory stimulation. IL-12p70 secretion was lost by VD3- and Dex-DC, whereas IL-10 secretion was unaffected. VD3-DC distinctly produced large amounts of TNF-α. Both VD3- and Dex-DC possessed the capacity to convert CD4 T cells into IL-10-secreting Treg potently suppressing the proliferation of responder T cells. However, only Treg induced by VD3-DC exhibited antigen specificity. VD3-, but not Dex-, DC expressed significant high levels of PD-L1 (programmed death-1 ligand), upon activation. Blockade of PD-L1 during priming redirected T cells to produce IFN-γ instead of IL-10 and abolished acquisition of regulatory capacity. Our findings demonstrate that both VD3- and Dex-DC possess durable but differential tolerogenic features, acting via different mechanisms. Both are potentially useful to specifically down-regulate unwanted immune responses and induce immune tolerance. These modulated DC appear suitable as adjuvant in antigen-specific clinical vaccination intervention strategies.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this study, an urban roughness mapping method is presented on the example of a large study area in Szeged, Hungary, as an example. With this roughness mapping procedure, the potential ventilation ...paths of the city can be located. Our calculations of the roughness parameters are based on a 3D building database; however, this new approach using the lot area polygons provides more detailed results than other recent studies. The detected ventilation paths could play a significant role in the development of the urban heat island circulation and result in the reduction of air pollution in the central parts of the city. Based on our results, we can mark out the areas where the city government should keep the advantages of the ventilation paths considering the human comfort aspects of the urban climate, thus providing important input data for urban planning procedures.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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