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•Monte Carlo simulation was applied to quantify the uncertainties of risk estimation.•BaP in all samples were less than U.S. EPA standard for drinking water quality.•No significant ...difference was found between the PAHs in various brands.•ILCR and HQ were in the acceptable ranges.
The present study has focused on measuring the level of 16 PAHs in soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers and their health risk using the MSPE/GC–MS (magnetic solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) method. The average of extraction recoveries (ER) was obtained between 73.048% and 99.879%. The mean concentration of ∑16PAH and ∑8PAHs were 0.702 ± 0.078 ppb and 0.196 ± 0.016 ppb in soft drinks and 1.315 ± 0.199 ppb and 0.288 ± 0.021 ppb in the non-alcoholic beer samples, respectively. The measured BaP for a soft drink (0.00856 ppb) and non-alcoholic beer (0.0197 ppb) were far below the U.S. EPA standard for drinking water quality (0.2 ppb). The TEQBaP of soft drinks (0.039 ppb) was lower than non-alcoholic beer samples (0.061 ppb). The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) results showed the THQ 95th percentiles of PAHs for soft drink samples in the adult and children were calculated as 9.497E-04 and 2.221E-03, while these amounts for non-alcoholic beer samples in children and adults were 3.341E-03 and 1.430E-03, respectively. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for adults and children were also 2.841E-07 and 1.328E-06 in soft drinks and 4.273E-07 and 1.996E-06 in non-alcoholic beer samples, respectively. The values of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of the 16 PAHs in high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran were in the acceptable ranges (hazard quotient < 1 and ILCR 〈10−6).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In the Baghin section, west of Kerman, Iran, Aptian scleractinian corals are described for the first time in relation to taxonomically related genera and species. The superfamilies are ...Actinastraeoidea, Cladocoroidea, Cyclolitoidea, Eugyroidea, Stylinoidea, Montlivaltioidea, Caryophyllioidea and Misistelloidea. Other macrofossil groups are echinoids, gastropods, brachiopods and bivalves and confirm the Aptian age. Regarding identified corals, it was concluded that the study area can be correlated with Aptian-Albian of other Lower Cretaceous coral faunas of Basque-Cantabrian Basin in the Central Tethys, and also most closely related to faunas of the Aptian Pelagonium South margin and the Aptian -Albian Bisbee Basin in the western Atlantic.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
An attempt to find simple parton distribution functions (PDFs) based on quantum statistical approach is presented. The PDFs described by the statistical model have very interesting physical ...properties which help to understand the structure of partons. The longitudinal portion of distribution functions are given by applying the maximum entropy principle. An interesting and simple approach to determine the statistical variables exactly without fitting and fixing parameters is surveyed. Analytic expressions of the x-dependent PDFs are obtained in the whole x region 0, 1, and the computed distributions are consistent with the experimental observations. The agreement with experimental data, gives a robust confirm of our simple presented statistical model.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A novel tunable filter including the absorbent plasma layer affected by twisted electromagnetic beam propagation is indicated. The presented photonic crystal is composed by SiO
2
and free space with ...one absorbent plasma defect layer, and that the transmittance and reflectance spectra are studied by using Transfer Matrix Method. It is found out that the transmittance spectrum can be adjusted by the plasma absorption rate, vortex charge number or intensity of incident laser beam. The dependence of the transmittance, reflectance and absorptivity spectra to the transverse coordinate is surveyed, particularly when a change in vortex charge number is applied.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A simple and rapid dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (DMSPE) combined with mode-mismatched thermal lens spectrometry as well as fiber optic linear array spectrophotometry was developed for the ...separation, extraction and determination of sulfadiazine. Graphene oxide was synthesized using the modified Hummers method and functionalized with iron oxide nanoparticles by means of a simple one step chemical coprecipitation method. The synthesized iron oxide functionalized graphene oxide was utilized as an efficient sorbent in DMSPE of sulfadiazine. The retained analyte was eluted by using 180µL of a 6:4 mixture of methanol/acetic acid solution and was spectrophotometrically determined based on the formation of an azo dye through coupling with thenoyltrifluoroacetone. Under the optimized conditions, with the application of spectrophotometry technique and with a sample volume of 100mL, the method exhibited a linear dynamic range of 3–80µgL−1 with a detection limit of 0.82µgL−1, an enrichment factor of 200 as well as the relative standard deviations of 2.6% and 4.3% (n=6) at 150µgL−1 level of sulfadiazine for intra- and inter-day analyses, respectively. Whereas, through the application of the thermal lens spectrometry and a sample volume of 10mL, the method exhibited a linear dynamic range of 1–800µgL−1 with a detection limit of 0.34µgL−1 and the relative standard deviations of 3.1% and 5.4% (n=6) at 150µgL−1 level of sulfadiazine for intra- and inter-day analyses, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of sulfadiazine in milk, honey and water samples.
A simple, rapid and efficient dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (DMSPE) using iron oxide functionalized graphene oxide combined with mode-mismatched thermal lens spectrophotometry as well as fiber optic linear array spectrophotometry was developed for separation, extraction and determination of sulfadiazine.
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•First application of graphene oxide@Fe3O4 in DMSPE of SD.•Development of a simple/sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of SD.•Application of a novel coupling agent for formation of an azo dye with SD.•Application of homemade mode-mismatched TLS for quantification of the SD.•The method is rapid, simple, cost effective and yield very low detection limit.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
This study aims at developing a novel, sensitive, fast, simple and convenient method for separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of fluoxetine before its spectrophotometric determination. ...The method is based on combination of magnetic mixed hemimicelles solid phase extraction and dispersive micro solid phase extraction using 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide coated magnetic graphene as a sorbent. The magnetic graphene was synthesized by a simple coprecipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The retained analyte was eluted using a 100 μL mixture of methanol/acetic acid (9:1) and converted into fluoxetine-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. The analyte was then quantified by fiber optic linear array spectrophotometry as well as mode-mismatched thermal lens spectroscopy (TLS). The factors affecting the separation, preconcentration and determination of fluoxetine were investigated and optimized. With a 50 mL sample and under optimized conditions using the spectrophotometry technique, the method exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.4–60.0 μg L−1, a detection limit of 0.21 μg L−1, an enrichment factor of 167, and a relative standard deviation of 2.1% and 3.8% (n = 6) at 60 μg L−1 level of fluoxetine for intra- and inter-day analyses, respectively. However, with thermal lens spectrometry and a sample volume of 10 mL, the method exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.05–300 μg L−1, a detection limit of 0.016 μg L−1 and a relative standard deviation of 3.8% and 5.6% (n = 6) at 60 μg L−1 level of fluoxetine for intra- and inter-day analyses, respectively. The method was successfully applied to determine fluoxetine in pharmaceutical formulation, human urine and environmental water samples.
A novel, sensitive, fast, simple and convenient mixed hemimicelles dispersive micro solid phase extraction is developed for the separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of fluoxetine before its determination by mode-mismatched thermal lens spectroscopy. Display omitted
•Development of a novel mixed hemimicelles dispersive micro solid phase extraction.•Utilization of IL coated magnetic graphene as efficient sorbent for SPME of fluoxetine.•Application of homemade mode-mismatched TLS for quantification of the fluoxetine.•Developed method showed the merits of very low LOD, rapidity and environmentally friendly.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
In the present research, an ultrasound‐assisted magnetic solid‐phase extraction coupled with a gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry hybrid system was developed for the extraction/determination of ...trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high‐consumption soft drinks and non‐alcoholic beers in Iran using magnetite graphene oxide adsorbent. The magnetite graphene oxide was characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and vibrating‐sample magnetometer techniques. The highest extraction recovery (73.05%–95.56%) and enrichment factor (90.65–106.38) were obtained at adsorbent mass: 10 mg, adsorption time: 30 min, salt addition: sodium chloride 10% w/v, desorption time: 20 min, eluent type: hexane: acetone (1:1, v/v), and desorption solvent volumes: 200 μl. Under optimum conditions, the linearity range for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determination was 0.2–200 ng/ml with a coefficient of determination > 0.993, the limit of detection = 0.09–0.21 ng/ml, the limit of quantitation = 0.3–0.7 ng/ml, and relative standard deviation < 8.1%, respectively. Relative recoveries in spiked real samples ranged from 94.67 to 109.45% with a standard deviation < 6.05%. The proposed method is effective, sensitive, and reusable and it is promising for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons residues in environmental samples.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The industrial sector is the world’s largest energy consumer and carbon emitter. In Iran, the importance of applying new energy resources is even greater due to industrial growth, the capacity ...shortage of conventional power plants, and the low reliability of power supply during peak times. However, detecting the optimal dispatch strategy for managing the application of nonrenewable sources along with renewable technologies is a major challenge. In this study, we performed the design and optimization of a hybrid energy system, including photovoltaic, wind turbines, a diesel generator, a natural gas generator, and a storage bank, for a small-scale industrial case in a southern industrial park of Iran. The HOMER Pro software was utilized to optimize the hybrid renewable energy system and supply an average demand of about 820 kWh/day through five different dispatch strategies. The results showed that predictive dispatch, with the foresight of renewable production and demand in the next 48 h, outperforms combined dispatch, cycle charging, load following, and generator order dispatch strategies. The optimum scenario showed an 84% renewable fraction, a cost of energy of 0.105–0.120 $/kWh, and about 24.8% excess power, which improves local grid reliability and the potential for renewable energy utilization by the industrial unit. The technical results showed that the optimum use of battery bank capacity based on upcoming predicted power consumption/generation potential effectively reduces the need for installation capacity of power equipment, which is critical for remote industrial demands.
•A hybrid system was optimized to supply an industrial load in a remote area of Iran.•Five different dispatch strategies were compared to find the best dispatch strategy.•Predictive dispatch had the best performance economically and technically.•Predictive dispatch’s renewable fraction and energy cost were 84% and 0.105 $/kWh.•The rate of return on investment in the renewable system was 8.3 years.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The resonant second harmonic generation in the presence of a wiggler magnetic field by twisted laser plasma interaction is surveyed. The wiggler magnetic field provides additional momentum required ...for the phase matching. The Laguerre–Gaussian modes can be used to control the self-focusing and improve the second harmonic generation in laser plasma interaction. The wave equations for the fundamental and the second harmonic fields have been solved in the paraxial approximation. The generation of the second harmonic considering self-focusing is investigated. Also, the dependence of the second harmonic power on the propagation distance for different values of initial fundamental beam intensity, vortex charge number of the doughnut main beam and plasma density has been obtained.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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