Ecologically and economically valuable Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) are widespread and susceptible to the ectoparasite Salmincola californiensis (Dana). The range of this freshwater ...copepod has expanded, and in 2015, S. californiensis was observed in Blue Mesa Reservoir, Colorado, USA, an important kokanee salmon (O. nerka, Walbaum) egg source for sustaining fisheries. Few S. californiensis were detected on kokanee salmon in 2016 (<10% prevalence; 2 adult S. californiensis maximum). By 2020, age‐3 kokanee salmon had 100% S. californiensis prevalence and mean intensity exceeding 50 adult copepods. Year and kokanee salmon age/maturity (older/mature) were consistently identified as significant predictors of S. californiensis prevalence/intensity. There was evidence that S. californiensis spread rapidly, but their population growth was maximized at the initiation (the first 2–3 years) of the invasion. Gills and heads of kokanee salmon carried the highest S. californiensis loads. S. californiensis population growth appears to be slowing, but S. californiensis expansion occurred concomitant with myriad environmental/biological factors. These factors and inherent variance in S. californiensis count data may have obscured patterns that continued monitoring of parasite–host dynamics, when S. californiensis abundance is more stable, might reveal. The rapid proliferation of S. californiensis indicates that in 5 years a system can go from a light infestation to supporting hosts carrying hundreds of parasites, and concern remains about the sustainability of this kokanee salmon population.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of the study is to thoroughly describe exercise programs that were performed during a firefighter training academy, including their effects on body composition and physical fitness.
Fourteen ...recruits performed exercise programs during a 24-week training academy and several components of their body composition and physical fitness were measured. Moreover, their heart rate (HR) and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) were recorded during and after every training session, respectively.
Fat-free mass, subcutaneous fat in the abdomen, cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, lower-body power, and muscular endurance significantly improved during the study ( P ≤ 0.05). The highest HR and sRPE responses were observed during aerobic training (AT) sessions. The average HR responses relative to maximum HR were similar during AT, high-intensity circuit training, multimodal high-intensity interval training, and high-intensity functional training; however, the sRPEs during high-intensity circuit training and multimodal high-intensity interval training were significantly lower than AT.
Several effective exercise programs can be implemented during firefighter training academies.
This study analyzed the effect of ascending pyramid (AP), constant load (CL), and descending pyramid (DP) training on repetition performance, training volume, barbell velocity, mechanical fatigue, ...and perceptual measurements during bench press exercise. Eighteen well-trained young males (18-40 years) performed AP, CL, and DP in a randomized order. Subjects were ranked according to relative strength ratio (Bench press 1-RM ÷ body mass) and the total sample of 18 males was divided into two groups: group 1 (G1), n = 9, RSR = 1.20-1.56; group 2 (G2), n = 9, RSR = 0.75-1.16. Volume (5 sets), relative intensity (65-85% 1-RM), set end point (25% velocity loss (VL)), and rest intervals (5 min) were matched between conditions. Relative intensity did not change during CL (75% 1-RM), while sets were performed from light-to-heavy during AP (65-70-75-80-85% 1-RM), and heavy-to-light during DP (85-80-75-70-65% 1-RM). Repetition performance, total volume load (TVL), mean and peak velocity, VL, and ratings of perceived exertion (set-RPE) were measured during each session while affect, discomfort, enjoyment, and session-RPE were measured after each session. Mean and peak velocity with 45% 1-RM were assessed before, 5-min after, and 10-min after each session. Data indicated that peak velocity and set-RPE were significantly lower during DP (p ≤ 0.05) while no differences were detected between AP and CL. Session x set interactions (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for repetition performance, mean velocity, peak velocity, VL, and set-RPE, but differences were likely influenced by fluctuating relative intensities during AP and DP. Data also revealed that lifters from G2 executed their repetitions with greater mean and peak velocities than G1 (p ≤ 0.05), suggesting that relative strength influences barbell velocity. In conclusion, AP, CL, and DP are viable options for training sessions, but the latter may negatively affect peak velocity.
The response of an oxide crystal to the atmosphere can be personified as breathinga dynamic equilibrium between O2 gas and O2– anions in the solid. We characterize the analogous defect reaction in ...an iodide double-perovskite semiconductor, Cs2SnI6. Here, I2 gas is released from the crystal at room temperature, forming iodine vacancies. The iodine vacancy defect is a shallow electron donor and is therefore ionized at room temperature; thus, the loss of I2 is accompanied by spontaneous n-type self-doping. Conversely, at high I2 pressures, I2 gas is resorbed by the perovskite, consuming excess electrons as I2 is converted to 2I–. Halide mobility and irreversible halide loss or exchange reactions have been studied extensively in halide perovskites. However, the reversible exchange equilibrium between iodide and iodine 2I– (s) ↔ I2(g) + 2e– described here has often been overlooked in prior studies, though it is likely general to halide perovskites and operative near room temperature, even in the dark. An analysis of the 2I– (s)/I2(g) equilibrium thermodynamics and related transport kinetics in single crystals of Cs2SnI6 therefore provides insight toward achieving stable composition and electronic properties in the large family of iodide perovskite semiconductors.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
A versatile and scalable strategy is reported for the rapid generation of block copolymer libraries spanning a wide range of compositions starting from a single parent copolymer. This strategy ...employs automated and operationally simple chromatographic separation that is demonstrated to be applicable to a variety of block copolymer chemistries on multigram scales with excellent mass recovery. The corresponding phase diagrams exhibit increased compositional resolution compared to those traditionally constructed via multiple, individual block copolymer syntheses. Increased uniformity and lower dispersity of the chromatographic libraries lead to differences in the location of order–order transitions and observable morphologies, highlighting the influence of dispersity on the self-assembly of block copolymers. Significantly, this separation technique greatly simplifies the exploration of block copolymer phase space across a range of compositions, monomer pairs, and molecular weights (up to 50000 amu), producing materials with increased control and homogeneity when compared to conventional strategies.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
1. Model scenarios of climate change predict that warming and drought will occur simultaneously in the future in many regions. The capacity of woody species to modify their physiology and morphology ...in response to environmental conditions is widely recognized, but little is known about the responses of trees to reduced precipitation and increased temperature acting simultaneously. 2. In a semi-arid woodland, we assessed the responses in physiological (needle emergence, maximum photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency (WUE) and shoot elongation) and morphological (needle length and thickness, and leaf mass per area (LMA)) foliar traits of piñon pine (Pinus edulis) in response to three years of a 45% reduction in precipitation, a 4.8 °C increase in air temperature and their simultaneous effects. 3. A strong change in physiological and morphological traits in response to reduced precipitation was observed. Precipitation reduction delayed needle emergence, decreased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, increased WUE, decreased shoot elongation and induced shorter needles with a higher LMA. Trees subjected to simultaneous reductions in precipitation and warming demonstrated a similar response. However, atmospheric warming did not induce a response in any of the measured traits. 4. Physiological and morphological traits of trees in this semi-arid climate were more responsive to changes in soil moisture than air temperature. Long-term exposure to seasonal drought stress in arid sites may have resulted in strong plastic responses to this first stressor. However, atmospheric warming probably was not experienced as a stress for trees in this warm and dry climate. Overall, our results indicate that in semi-arid ecosystems where tree functioning is already highly limited by soil water availability, atmospheric warming as anticipated with climate change may have less impact on foliar trait responses than previously thought.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, INZLJ, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick (ALT), is native to eastern Asia, but it has become invasive in several countries, including Australia, New Zealand and recently in the eastern ...United States (US). To identify wild mammal and avian host species in the US, we conducted active wildlife surveillance in two states with known ALT infestations (Virginia and New Jersey). In addition, we conducted environmental surveys in both states. These surveillance efforts resulted in detection of 51 ALT‐infested individuals from seven wildlife species, including raccoon (Procyon lotor), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), woodchuck (Marmota monax), eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We found ALT in the environment in both states and also collected three native tick species (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variablis and Ixodes scapularis) that are vectors of pathogens of public health and veterinary importance. This study provides important specific information on the wildlife host range of ALT in the US.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The response of an oxide crystal to the atmosphere can be personified as breathing-a dynamic equilibrium between O
gas and O
anions in the solid. We characterize the analogous defect reaction in an ...iodide double-perovskite semiconductor, Cs
SnI
. Here, I
gas is released from the crystal at room temperature, forming iodine vacancies. The iodine vacancy defect is a shallow electron donor and is therefore ionized at room temperature; thus, the loss of I
is accompanied by spontaneous
-type self-doping. Conversely, at high I
pressures, I
gas is resorbed by the perovskite, consuming excess electrons as I
is converted to 2I
. Halide mobility and irreversible halide loss or exchange reactions have been studied extensively in halide perovskites. However, the reversible exchange equilibrium between iodide and iodine 2I
↔ I
+ 2e
described here has often been overlooked in prior studies, though it is likely general to halide perovskites and operative near room temperature, even in the dark. An analysis of the 2I
/I
equilibrium thermodynamics and related transport kinetics in single crystals of Cs
SnI
therefore provides insight toward achieving stable composition and electronic properties in the large family of iodide perovskite semiconductors.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
IMPORTANCE: Whether and under which conditions D-cycloserine (DCS) augments the effects of exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress ...disorders is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To clarify whether DCS is superior to placebo in augmenting the effects of cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders and to evaluate whether antidepressants interact with DCS and the effect of potential moderating variables. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to February 10, 2016. Reference lists of previous reviews and meta-analyses and reports of randomized clinical trials were also checked. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were (1) double-blind randomized clinical trials of DCS as an augmentation strategy for exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy and (2) conducted in humans diagnosed as having specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Raw data were obtained from the authors and quality controlled. Data were ranked to ensure a consistent metric across studies (score range, 0-100). We used a 3-level multilevel model nesting repeated measures of outcomes within participants, who were nested within studies. RESULTS: Individual participant data were obtained for 21 of 22 eligible trials, representing 1047 of 1073 eligible participants. When controlling for antidepressant use, participants receiving DCS showed greater improvement from pretreatment to posttreatment (mean difference, −3.62; 95% CI, −0.81 to −6.43; P = .01; d = −0.25) but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (mean difference, −1.66; 95% CI, −4.92 to 1.60; P = .32; d = −0.14) or from pretreatment to follow-up (mean difference, −2.98, 95% CI, −5.99 to 0.03; P = .05; d = −0.19). Additional analyses showed that participants assigned to DCS were associated with lower symptom severity than those assigned to placebo at posttreatment and at follow-up. Antidepressants did not moderate the effects of DCS. None of the prespecified patient-level or study-level moderators was associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: D-cycloserine is associated with a small augmentation effect on exposure-based therapy. This effect is not moderated by the concurrent use of antidepressants. Further research is needed to identify patient and/or therapy characteristics associated with DCS response.
PDF
