After emerging in China in late 2019, the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread worldwide, and as of mid-2021, it remains a significant threat ...globally. Only a few coronaviruses are known to infect humans, and only two cause infections similar in severity to SARS-CoV-2:
, a species closely related to SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in 2002, and
, which emerged in 2012. Unlike the current pandemic, previous epidemics were controlled rapidly through public health measures, but the body of research investigating severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome has proven valuable for identifying approaches to treating and preventing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Building on this research, the medical and scientific communities have responded rapidly to the COVID-19 crisis and identified many candidate therapeutics. The approaches used to identify candidates fall into four main categories: adaptation of clinical approaches to diseases with related pathologies, adaptation based on virological properties, adaptation based on host response, and data-driven identification (ID) of candidates based on physical properties or on pharmacological compendia. To date, a small number of therapeutics have already been authorized by regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), while most remain under investigation. The scale of the COVID-19 crisis offers a rare opportunity to collect data on the effects of candidate therapeutics. This information provides insight not only into the management of coronavirus diseases but also into the relative success of different approaches to identifying candidate therapeutics against an emerging disease.
The COVID-19 pandemic is a rapidly evolving crisis. With the worldwide scientific community shifting focus onto the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19, a large number of possible pharmaceutical approaches for treatment and prevention have been proposed. What was known about each of these potential interventions evolved rapidly throughout 2020 and 2021. This fast-paced area of research provides important insight into how the ongoing pandemic can be managed and also demonstrates the power of interdisciplinary collaboration to rapidly understand a virus and match its characteristics with existing or novel pharmaceuticals. As illustrated by the continued threat of viral epidemics during the current millennium, a rapid and strategic response to emerging viral threats can save lives. In this review, we explore how different modes of identifying candidate therapeutics have borne out during COVID-19.
In this study we evaluated treatment effects in 70 consecutively admitted patients in a specialized university clinic for treatment of dental fear. Thirty‐three (47%) of the patients fulfilled the ...diagnostic criteria for Specific Phobia alone (Dental Phobia, DP), 24 (33%) had severe dental anxiety without fulfilling the criteria for phobia (ND), and 13 (19%) fulfilled the criteria for multiple DSM‐IV diagnoses (MD). Dental anxiety was measured prior to, immediately after and at follow‐up (mean=19 months) using Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale and Dental Fear Survey. Dental attitudes were measured by Getz′ Dental Beliefs Survey. Dental attendance and everyday functioning were measured by self‐report. DP patients received significantly more treatment‐sessions as compared to the ND group. Despite significant overall reductions in scores on all psychometric instruments from pretreatment to follow up, patients in the MD group reported significantly more severe anxiety at pre‐ and post‐treatment and at follow‐up as compared to patients in the ND group. There was no interaction between diagnostic group and assessment occasion (pre treatment, post treatment and follow up) on the self‐reported anxiety. Patients reported significant improvements in self‐esteem, social relations and everyday functioning, regardless of diagnostic group. Sixty‐three percentage of the respondents had been to the dentist within 1 year after completed treatment. Patients treated by dentists who had received supervised training in exposure treatment had significantly more often seen the dentist at follow‐up.
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BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Pemerintah Indonesia membuat kebijakan baru dalam memulai Pembelajaran Tatap Muka (PTM) untuk sekolah dan perguruan tinggi pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Kebijakan PTM mendorong masyarakat untuk lebih ...memperhatikan pola hidup sehat agar dapat menjaga dan meningkatkan imunitas tubuh. Salah satu cara meningkatkan imunitas tubuh yaitu dengan mengkonsumsi suplemen kesehatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui profil pengetahuan tentang suplemen kesehatan pada remaja di Surabaya selama PTM saat pandemi COVID-19. Pengumpulan data dilakukanmenggunakan google form menggunakan metode non random sampling yaitu accidental sampling. Terdapat 147 responden yang mengikuti studi ini. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan 77,55% responden memiliki pemahaman yang baik dan 22,45% responden memiliki pemahaman sedang mengenai suplemen kesehatan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah remaja di Surabaya telah memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai suplemen kesehatan yang bermanfaat dalam menjaga imunitas, terlebih pada saat PTM diberlakukan. Namun, pengetahuan tentang suplemen masih dapat ditingkatkan misalnya terkait cara penggunaan suplemen agar manfaatnya dapat lebih optimal.
Outsourcing system is a prevalent form of employee recruitment in Indonesia. The Employment Relationship of Outsourcing System under the provisions of Law Number 23 of 2003 concerning Employment so ...far has not been able to deliver welfare for workers/ labors, in return for their contribution to the companies’ productivity improvement. Labors do not obtain their rights which have been warranted in the Law. Additionally, outsourcing system has created uncertainty in employment relationship. This research uses the paradigm of constructivism and selected macro and micro theories to analyze the problems surrounding employment protection. We also employ qualitative method with a socio-legal approach. Our contention is that a change is critically needed to be made to the regulations of law which govern employment relationship or partial transfer of job to a third party. The change should reflect what the workers/ labors wish. It should also bear values such as justice and welfare for workers/ labors. This is all meant to achieve a harmonious and just employment relationship based on Pancasila (The Five Pillars of Indonesian State Ideology) and the Indonesian 1945 Constitutionn.
We present a multi-wavelength analysis of the galaxies in nine clusters selected from the WINGS dataset, examining how galaxy structure varies as a function of wavelength and environment using the ...state of the art software GALAPAGOSII. We simultaneously fit single Sérsic functions on three optical (u, B and V) and two near-infrared (J and K) bands thus creating a wavelength-dependent model of each galaxy. We measure the magnitudes, effective radius (\(R_{e}\)) the Sérsic index (\(n\)), axis ratio and position angle in each band. The sample contains 790 cluster members (located close to the cluster center < 0.64 R\(_{200}\) and 254 non-member galaxies that we further separate based on their morphology into ellipticals, lenticulars and spirals. We find that the Sérsic index of all galaxies inside clusters remains nearly constant with wavelength while \(R_{e}\) decreases as wavelength increases for all morphological types. We do not observe a significant variation on n and \(R_{e}\) as a function of projected local density and distance from the clusters center. Comparing the n and \(R_{e}\) of bright cluster galaxies with a subsample of non-member galaxies we find that bright cluster galaxies are more concentrated (display high \(n\) values) and are more compact (low \(R_{e}\)). Moreover, the light profile (\(\mathcal{N}\)) and size (\(\mathcal{R}\)) of bright cluster galaxies does not change as a function of wavelength in the same manner as non-member galaxies.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global disruption and a significant loss of life. Existing treatments that can be repurposed as prophylactic and therapeutic agents may reduce the ...pandemic's devastation. Emerging evidence of potential applications in other therapeutic contexts has led to the investigation of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals for COVID-19. Such products include vitamin C, vitamin D, omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, and zinc, all of which are currently under clinical investigation. In this review, we critically appraise the evidence surrounding dietary supplements and nutraceuticals for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Overall, further study is required before evidence-based recommendations can be formulated, but nutritional status plays a significant role in patient outcomes, and these products may help alleviate deficiencies. For example, evidence indicates that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with a greater incidence of infection and severity of COVID-19, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation may hold prophylactic or therapeutic value. A growing number of scientific organizations are now considering recommending vitamin D supplementation to those at high risk of COVID-19. Because research in vitamin D and other nutraceuticals and supplements is preliminary, here we evaluate the extent to which these nutraceutical and dietary supplements hold potential in the COVID-19 crisis.
Sales of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals have increased during the pandemic due to their perceived "immune-boosting" effects. However, little is known about the efficacy of these dietary supplements and nutraceuticals against the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2) or the disease that it causes, CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review provides a critical overview of the potential prophylactic and therapeutic value of various dietary supplements and nutraceuticals from the evidence available to date. These include vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc, which are often perceived by the public as treating respiratory infections or supporting immune health. Consumers need to be aware of misinformation and false promises surrounding some supplements, which may be subject to limited regulation by authorities. However, considerably more research is required to determine whether dietary supplements and nutraceuticals exhibit prophylactic and therapeutic value against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. This review provides perspective on which nutraceuticals and supplements are involved in biological processes that are relevant to recovery from or prevention of COVID-19.
We use a sub-set of the DustPedia galaxy sample (461 galaxies) to investigate the effect the environment has had on galaxies. We consider Virgo cluster and field samples and also assign a density ...contrast parameter to each galaxy, as defined by the local density of SDSS galaxies. We consider their chemical evolution (using M_{Dust}/M_{Baryon} and M_{Gas}/M_{Baryon}), their specific star formation rate (SFR/M_{Stars}), star formation efficiency (SFR/M_{Gas}), stars-to-dust mass ratio (M_{Stars}/M_{Dust}), gas-to-dust mass ratio (M_{Gas}/M_{Dust}) and the relationship between star formation rate per unit mass of dust and dust temperature (SFR/M_{Dust} and T_{Dust}). Late type galaxies (later than Sc) in all of the environments can be modelled using simple closed box chemical evolution and a simple star formation history (SFR(t) \propto t\exp{-t/\tau}). For earlier type galaxies the physical mechanisms that give rise to their properties are clearly much more varied and require a more complicated model (mergers, gas in or outflow). However, we find little or no difference in the properties of galaxies of the same morphological type within the cluster, field or with different density contrasts. It appears that it is morphology, how and whenever this is laid down, and consistent internal physical processes that primarily determine the derived properties of galaxies in the DustPedia sample and not processes related to differences in the local environment.
A&A 577, A97 (2015) Aims. This work investigates the potential of using the wavelength-dependence
of galaxy structural parameters (S\'ersic index, n, and effective radius, Re)
to separate galaxies ...into distinct types. Methods. A sample of nearby galaxies
with reliable visual morphologies is considered, for which we measure
structural parameters by fitting multi-wavelength single-S\'ersic models.
Additionally, we use a set of artificially redshifted galaxies to test how
these classifiers behave when the signal-to-noise decreases. Results. We show
that the wavelength-dependence of n may be employed to separate
visually-classified early- and late-type galaxies, in a manner similar to the
use of colour and n. Furthermore, we find that the wavelength variation of n
can recover galaxies that are misclassified by these other morphological
proxies. Roughly half of the spiral galaxies that contaminate an early-type
sample selected using (u-r) versus n can be correctly identified as late-types
by N, the ratio of n measured in two different bands. Using a set of
artificially-redshifted images, we show that this technique remains effective
up to z ~ 0.1. N can therefore be used to achieve purer samples of early-types
and more complete samples of late-types than using a colour-n cut alone. We
also study the suitability of R, the ratio of Re in two different bands, as a
morphological classifier, but find that the average sizes of both early- and
late-type galaxies do not change substantially over optical wavelengths.
Most radiative transfer models assume that dust in spiral galaxies is distributed exponentially. In this paper our goal is to verify this assumption by analysing the two-dimensional large-scale ...distribution of dust in galaxies from the DustPedia sample. For this purpose, we make use of Herschel imaging in five bands, from 100 to 500{\mu}m, in which the cold dust constituent is primarily traced and makes up the bulk of the dust mass in spiral galaxies. For a subsample of 320 disc galaxies, we successfully perform a simultaneous fitting with a single Sérsic model of the Herschel images in all five bands using the multiband modelling code GALFITM. We report that the Sérsic index \(n\), which characterises the shape of the Sérsic profile, lies systematically below 1 in all Herschel bands and is almost constant with wavelength. The average value at 250{\mu}m is \(0.67\pm0.37\) (187 galaxies are fitted with \(n_{250}\leq0.75\), 87 galaxies have \(0.75<n_{250}\leq1.25\), and 46 - with \(n_{250}>1.25\)). Most observed profiles exhibit a depletion in the inner region (at \(r<0.3-0.4\) of the optical radius \(r_{25}\) ) and are more or less exponential in the outer part. We also find breaks in the dust emission profiles at longer distances \((0.5-0.6)r_{25}\) which are associated with the breaks in the optical and near-infrared. We assume that the observed deficit of dust emission in the inner galaxy region is related to the depression in the radial profile of the HI surface density in the same region because the atomic gas reaches high enough surface densities there to be transformed into molecular gas. If a galaxy has a triggered star formation in the inner region (for example, because of a strong bar instability, which transfers the gas inwards to the centre, or a pseudobulge formation), no depletion or even an excess of dust emission in the centre is observed.
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