The article considers a 30-year history of the creation, state regulation, and production of AquAdvantage transgenic salmon genetically modified (GM) with the growth hormone gene. The arguments of ...opponents and proponents of the concept of ecological safety of the use of transgenic fish in aquaculture are critically analyzed. It has been generalized that the adaptability of transgenic fish is lower than that of its wild relatives. On this basis, it is assumed that, in the event of an accidental ingress of GM fish from aquaculture to natural populations, transgenes are under the negative influence of natural selection. Strict security measures for the maintenance of GM fish, however, should not be weakened, since there are still unexplained cases of the survival of fluorescent transgenic aquarium fish in freshwater ecosystems.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The review considers the main stages in the development of the genetic method of insect control: (1) the idea of A.S. Serebrovsky, who suggested releasing males with nonviable translocations into ...nature; (2) “Z-lethal” method of V.A. Strunnikov for control of harmful Lepidoptera, which consists in the release of males carrying two nonallelic recessive mutations in the sex Z chromosomes into nature; (3) sterile insect technique (SIT) used widely in practice in the second half of the 20th century; (4) genetically engineered biotechnology RIDL (Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal) used in practice to control the invasive mosquito
Aedes aegypti
, which is the vector of Zika viruses and yellow fever. It is generalized that the main opponent of the genetic method of insect control is natural selection, which supports females, choosing natural rather than sterile or “genetically modified” males for mating. It follows from the above that genetic methods of control can be effective only in control of invasive species that have not spread widely yet.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Creation of genetically modified plants with an incorporated system protecting them from pests is one of the main goals in modern agricultural biotechnology. From the mid-1990s to the present, the ...majority of such transgenic crops is represented by carriers of the insecticidal
Cry
and
Vip
genes of the bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis.
However, a tendency to change this strategy in favor of the incorporated defense systems based on RNA interference has become evident during the recent decade. Evolutional paths of phytophages' responses to insecticidal GM plants that are armed with these genetic constructions are discussed in the review.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
An important stage in the preparation of a report on key comparisons of national standards is considered — data processing using various algorithms. We investigate properties of estimates of the ...algorithm for processing inconsistent data of comparisons based on the random effects model (REM). This model is used to describe the so-called dark uncertainty (undetected uncertainty). When evaluating the properties of the algorithm, the methodology of metrological certification of algorithms was applied, which is based on the study of the algorithm on typical data models that correspond to practical situations. Using the method of statistical modeling, the following characteristics of the dark uncertainty estimates were obtained: the conditional distribution density of the estimate, the standard deviation, and the bias. Based on the research results, practical recommendations for the use of the REM algorithm are formulated.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Reduction in the area occupied with Bt-crops caused by their cost inefficiency largely depends on the outbreaks of secondary pests. Among them, a highly important place belongs to the representatives ...of the order Hemiptera. These phytophages are insensitive to Cry-proteins of genetically modified (GM) insecticidal crops engineered to control the main pests from the orders Lepidoptera and Coleoptera with chewing mouthparts. In contrast to chewing, evolutionary more advanced piercing-sucking mouthparts of Hemiptera phytophages do not initiate in plants the state of induced defense associated with an elevated content of terpenes. When the main pest is absent, a reduced content of terpenes in Bt-crops makes them more attractive to hemipterans than conventional cultivars. In the absence of the main pest there’s no competition for hemipterous secondary pests. In aggregate, these two factors bring about outbreaks of Hemiptera in Bt-crops.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In Viktorov et al (2016 Eur. Phys. Lett. 116 55001) we reported on chirping frequency patterns that have been observed in the electron cyclotron emission from strongly nonequilibrium plasma confined ...in a table-top mirror magnetic trap. These patterns were interpreted qualitatively as the first experimental evidence for so-called 'holes and clumps' mechanism acting at such high frequencies (1-10 GHz). In the present paper, we prove this statement on a more rigorous basis, considering the formation of nonlinear phase space structures in proximity of the wave-particle resonances within the framework of the Berk-Breizman theory adopted for a kinetically unstable mirror-confined plasma.
The world market for the first generation of transgenic crops (insecticidal and herbicide-resistant plants) has been expanding since 2012, mostly owing to developing countries. The cautious attitude ...in the majority of economically developed countries to the first-generation transgenic agricultural crops is due to several objective circumstances: the negative impact of insecticidal Bt-crops on useful and endangered invertebrate species, the allergenic properties of Bt-toxin for humans, toxicity of glyphosate to humans and animals, the widely spreading resistance of weeds to glyphosate, the increasing resistance of–harmful–insects to insecticidal Bt-plants, the danger of–genetic pollution–of aboriginal plant varieties, and the flow of herbicide resistance traits to weed plants.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
During 17 years when Bt-crops were used on an industrial scale, eight species of pests (seven species of lepidopterans from the order Lepidoptera belonging to four families and one species of ...coleopterous insects from the order Coleoptera) developed resistance to them. In five cases, the mutation of resistance was so widespread that it caused an economic damage. The rate of evolution of resistance to the so-called insecticidal plants (containing δ-endotoxins or Cry-proteins causing the lysis of intestines in the larvae of insects from different orders) is comparable to the rate of evolution of resistance to chemical insecticides, which suggests that the production of pesticidal plants with a view to protect agricultural crops from the pests has no future. Plausible reasons are the following: first, it is impossible to produce transgenic plants, where expression of Cry-proteins in all tissues throughout the entire life cycle would be at the level lethal for the pests; second, in spite of the assumptions based on a low probability of the event, there arise not only dominant mutations of resistance but also recessive mutations that are not associated with the fitness costs; third, in spite of expectations there arises cross-resistance between Cry-proteins from different families.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
PDF
