A novel mcr colistin resistance gene was identified in a strain of Salmonella enterica, monophasic variant of serovar Typhimurium (4,5,12:i:- ), isolated from a pig at slaughter in Italy in 2013, and ...in Escherichia coli strains collected during routine diagnostic of post-weaning diarrhoea in pigs from Spain and Belgium in 2015 and 2016. Immediate implementation of mcr-screening including this novel gene variant is required for Salmonella and E. coli from humans and food-producing animals in Europe.
The prefoldin‐like protein UNCONVENTIONAL PREFOLDIN RPB5 INTERACTOR (URI) participates in diverse cellular functions, including protein homeostasis, transcription, translation, and signal ...transduction. Thus, URI is a highly versatile protein, although the molecular basis of this versatility remains unknown. In this work, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) URI (AtURI) possesses a large intrinsically disordered region (IDR) spanning most of the C‐terminal part of the protein, a feature conserved in yeast and human orthologs. Our findings reveal two key characteristics of disordered proteins in AtURI: promiscuity in interacting with partners and protein instability. We propose that these two features contribute to providing AtURI with functional versatility.
The prefoldin‐like protein AtURI has a large, disordered region (colored red) at the C‐terminus of the structured prefoldin domain (colored blue) that confers AtURI promiscuity for protein–protein interactions and instability to allow tight control of AtURI levels.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
IncI1 has become one of the most common plasmid families in contemporary Enterobacteriaceae from both human and animal sources. In clinical epidemiology, this plasmid type ranks first as the ...confirmed vehicle of transmission of extended spectrum beta-lactamase and plasmid AmpC genes in isolates from food-producing animals. In this review, we describe the epidemiology and evolution of IncI1 plasmids and closely related IncIγ plasmids. We highlight the emergence of epidemic plasmids circulating among different bacterial hosts in geographically distant countries, and we address the phylogeny of the IncI1 and IncIγ family based on plasmid Multilocus Sequence Typing.
•IncI1 and IncIγ plasmids evolution and acquisition of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance•Phylogenetic analysis performed on pMLST alleles of IncI1 and IncIγ plasmids identified major clusters•IncI1 and IncIγ plasmids spread among Enterobacteriaceae from human, animal and environmental sources
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background and aimPlasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanisms have been identified worldwide in the past years. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol for detection of all currently ...known transferable colistin resistance genes (
to
, and variants) in
was developed for surveillance or research purposes.
We designed four new primer pairs to amplify
,
,
and
gene products and used the originally described primers for
to obtain a stepwise separation of ca 200 bp between amplicons. The primer pairs and amplification conditions allow for single or multiple detection of all currently described
genes and their variants present in
. The protocol was validated testing 49 European
and
isolates of animal origin.
Multiplex PCR results in bovine and porcine isolates from Spain, Germany, France and Italy showed full concordance with whole genome sequence data. The method was able to detect
and
as singletons or in different combinations as they were present in the test isolates. One new
variant,
, was also identified.
This method allows rapid identification of
-positive bacteria and overcomes the challenges of phenotypic detection of colistin resistance. The multiplex PCR should be particularly interesting in settings or laboratories with limited resources for performing genetic analysis as it provides information on the mechanism of colistin resistance without requiring genome sequencing.
The blaNDM-1 gene has been reported to be often located on broad-host-range plasmids of the IncA/C type in clinical but also environmental bacteria recovered from the New Delhi, India, area. ...IncA/C-type plasmids are the main vehicles for the spread of the cephalosporinase gene blaCMY-2, frequently identified in the United States, Canada, and Europe. In this study, we completed the sequence of IncA/C plasmid pNDM-KN carrying the blaNDM-1 gene, recovered from a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Kenya. This sequence was compared with those of three IncA/C-type reference plasmids from Escherichia coli, Yersinia ruckeri, and Photobacterium damselae. Comparative analysis showed that the blaNDM-1 gene was located on a widely diffused plasmid scaffold known to be responsible for the spread of blaCMY-2-like genes and consequently for resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Considering that IncA/C plasmids possess a broad host range, this scaffold might support a large-scale diffusion of the blaNDM-1 gene among Gram-negative rods.
Cardiolipin is an anionic tetra-acyl chained glycerophospholipid that increases lipid packing levels and induces intrinsic negative curvature in membranes. Cardiolipin is found in Staphylococcus ...aureus (S. aureus) membranes, where increased levels of this lipid are induced at the expense of diacyl phosphatidylglycerol in response to stress. We investigate cardiolipin as an inhibitor of the lytic activity of the cationic antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and ∆M2 in model systems with varying phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin ratios. Using HPTLC, we show that S. aureus (RN4220), under different growth conditions, has a phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin ratio of 80:20. From this, we chose three model systems to evaluate (100:0, 80:20, 60:40). ∆M2 presents higher binding affinity towards all mixtures compared to LL-37. This correlates with the higher antimicrobial activity of ∆M2 compared to LL-37 in S. aureus (MIC90 of 14 μM for ∆M2 and 57.7 μM for LL-37). Laurdan GP shows that Cardiolipin decreases lipid headgroup spacing. We find that cardiolipin does not affect ∆M2 or LL-37 binding to phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin liposomes. Instead, cardiolipin inhibits the ability of both peptides to induce calcein leakage in model liposomes. In conclusion, cardiolipin can reduce cAMP activity by inhibiting lysis but not binding.
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•Cardiolipin is a tetra-acyl phospholipid synthesized in S. aureus as an adaptive response to external stress.•Increasing cardiolipin content in liposomes results in an increase in the level of lipid packing as measured by Laurdan GP.•Increasing content of cardiolipin reduces the lytic activity of the peptides LL-37 and ΔM2.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The epidemiological importance of tracing plasmids conferring drug resistance prompted us to develop a PCR method based on replicons (inc/rep PCR) of the major plasmid incompatibility groups among
...Enterobacteriaceae. Eighteen pairs of primers were designed to perform 5 multiplex- and 3 simplex-PCRs, recognizing FIA, FIB, FIC, HI1, HI2, I1-Iγ, L/M, N, P, W, T, A/C, K, B/O, X, Y, F, and FIIA. The specificity of the method was tested on a collection of 61 reference plasmids and on 20
Salmonella enterica strains of different serotypes isolated in Italy. Results indicated that the inc/rep PCR method demonstrates high specificity and sensitivity in detecting replicons on reference plasmids and also revealed the presence of recurrent and common plasmids in epidemiologically unrelated
Salmonella isolates of different serotypes. These results suggest that the method is potentially applicable to a large number of strains to trace the diffusion of specific multi-drug resistance plasmids in different environments.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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