Leaf samples of 226 cultivated olive trees were collected from traditionally managed olive orchards and genotyped with eleven consensual SSR markers. The proportion of shared allele distance was used ...for the estimation of distances between olive genotypes. Cluster analyses were performed using a Fitch–Margoliash least-squares algorithm. The number of different genetic subgroups of olive genotypes (K) was investigated using STRUCTURE analysis. The standardization of allele lengths was performed to enable the comparison SSR profiles of Croatian olive genotypes with olive profiles obtained with the same SSR primers in OleaDB and WOGB databases. Overall, 73 SSR profiles of known Croatian varieties and 53 profiles of unknown olive genotypes were differentiated. Synonyms were detected in 18 varieties, and we found intra-varietal differences in 15 varieties. Three genetic subgroups of olive genotypes were determined. Following allele length standardization achieved using nine referral samples, the genetic profiles of 126 cultivated olive genotypes were compared to OleaDB and WOGB databases, out of which 92 genotypes were found to be unique to Croatian olive germplasm. The results revealed the wide genetic diversity of olive germplasm beyond the known, registered varieties. The FAZ_oliveDB database containing the profiles of 126 Croatian olive genotypes was created and made available for public use.
The selection of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations adapted to extreme environmental conditions is of great importance due to continuing climate change. The plant material analyzed with ...simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers included two parent populations, P1 (cultivar ‘Reichersberger’) and P3 (cultivar ‘Croatia’) and their reselections, which were created after one cycle of selection under cold temperature conditions. The reselections PS1 and PS3 were produced by intercrossing 38 surviving plants of parent populations P1 and P3, respectively. A total of 48 plants from each cultivar and each reselection were randomly selected for SSR analysis. Sixteen SSR primer pairs were selected, taking into account the presence of loci on all seven pairs of red clover chromosomes. An increase in the average frequency of alleles from the initial populations to the populations after one cycle of selection was observed, followed by a decrease in the number of alleles. Out of a total of 16 loci, the Waples neutrality test revealed significant frequency changes at 12 loci from P1 to PS1 and 9 loci from P3 to PS3 populations. The genetic diversity in the studied populations did not change significantly after selection, leaving enough genetic variability as a prerequisite for the success of future selection.
The autochthonous local genotypes of sweet cherries, which represent a very
important genetic potential for future breeding programs. Understanding of
the molecular basis biodiversity is one of the ...most important factors for
the proper conservation, management and use of plant genetic resources.
This paper investigate the genetic variability of 14 genotypes of sweet
cherries using 26 SSR markers. The study included eight autochthonous
genotypes of sweet cherry taken from four different location and six
virus-free reference varieties of sweet cherry. The average genetic distance
between them was 0.43. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to
eight. The minimum number of two alleles of polymorphic loci showed EMPa003
and EMPa002, while the highest number of eight loci alleles had PceGA34 and
UDP97-402. Results of genetic analysis that were done show that between
autochthonous genotypes of sweet cherries ?Biljur-Bjelica?, ?Barevka? and
?Aslamka? (Kriskovci) there was no difference, it is to have the same
genetic profil, which indicates that is the synonym, it is the same identity
group. Also the autochthonous genotype ?Crveni Hrust? and ?Nordwunder?
cultivar had the same SSR profile on microsatellite loci tested. The
remaining autochthonous genotypes of sweet cherry had a unique genetic
profile.
nema
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. caucasica Rousi) is one of the most important wild edible fruits, grown in Turkey for centuries without any chemical treatments. The plant is extremely ...resistant to adverse environmental conditions. In this study, the main agro-morphological and biochemical berry traits and, to a lesser extent, other plant morphological traits of 10 sea buckthorn genotypes sampled from the eastern Anatolia (Sivas province) region were assessed. Among the 10 genotypes, five of them presented a shrub growth habit, whereas five of them presented tree growth habit, with leaf area ranging from 2.56 to 4.22 cm2. The majority of genotypes had an oblong berry shape with variable berry skin color ranging from dark orange to orange, light orange, and yellow. The weight of 100 berries varied from 13.85 to 23.87 g, while juice yield and vitamin C content was found to be 44.87–57.15% and 37.45–62.85 mg/100 g fresh berry base, respectively. Soluble solid content (SSC) was in the range of 12.56–14.67%. The genotypes exhibited a great variability in total anthocyanin content (from 9.1 to 38.7 mg/L), with relatively dark-orange sea buckthorn berries containing more anthocyanin than orange, light-orange, and yellow berries. Linoleic acid was the main fatty acid detected in the pulp of sea buckthorn berries, ranging from 24.11% to 36.37%, depending on the genotype. Investigated genotypes proved also to be rich in total phenolic content, showing at the same time great variability in this trait. The results obtained from the relatively limited number of genotypes show promising traits for further valorization of both horticultural and nutritional traits, suggesting potentially even higher variability, if more genotypes are going to be considered in the future.
Epigenetics in plant breeding Rajnović, Tihana; Vokurka, Aleš; Bolarić, Snježana
Journal of Central European agriculture,
01/2020, Volume:
21, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Current farming technology and advanced techniques of plant breeding are tending to enable high yields and cropping intensity, trying to alleviate the limitations of available arable land. However, ...rise in global population and climate changes could strain the ability to provide a stable food supply. Genetic diversity, which might be used for development of new, more resilient cultivars, could be a key for achieving better performance in agricultural production. New findings about how genes work and express, including the principles of epigenetics, could allow the advancements in breeding methods, and provide a new source of variability originating from epialleles. This paper provides a synopsis of the most significant epigenetic modifications, and particularities of plant species that impact epigenetic mechanisms, although it is mainly focused on application of epigenetics on plant breeding. Epigenetic aspects of breeding are described for increased yield in Brassica napus due to recursive selection for an epigenetic compound. Future application might be based on epigenetic recombinant inbred lines, similar to those in Arabidopsis thaliana, inhibition of DNA methylation in Oryza sativa, discovery of MSH1 system in Glycine max and Solanum lycopersicon. It also outlines the current issues and limitations of epigenetic breeding such as a lack of understanding of epigenetic mechanisms, interaction of epigenetic and stress responsive mechanisms, and the development of statistical models able to predict the impact and outcome of epigenetic modifications.
Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlecht. (wild strawberry) is widely distributed in Southwest China, characterized by stress tolerance and the fruits of a notable peach aroma. So far there is only limited ...knowledge of variability and genetic structure in this species. Using AFLP markers, we investigated the genetic variability of 37 plants of F. nilgerrensis sampled in six main mountain areas of Sichuan Province and analyzed their genetic structure. Genetic similarity according to Nei and Li was used for cluster analysis based on UPGMA method and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering. Stratification of plants into more distinctive genetic groups was determined using Bayesian structure analysis. Six primer combinations produced a total of 1302 fragments of which 818 (62.8%) were polymorphic. Bayesian analysis showed the 37 plants of F. nilgerrensis grouped into five distinctive genetic groups. Most of the plants from the same mountain area clustered into the same genetic group, indicating each area as an area with the unique genetic profile. The genetic parameters analyzed here indicate a huge genetic variability of F. nilgerrensis in Sichuan Province. Our results provide reference data for surveying and protecting the germplasm resources of F. nilgerrensis that could be used in strawberry breeding programs.
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a temperate fruit species whose production might be highly impacted by climate change in the near future. Diversity of plant material could be an option to mitigate ...these climate risks by enabling producers to have new cultivars well adapted to new environmental conditions. In this study, subsets of sweet cherry collections of 19 European countries were genotyped using 14 SSR. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess genetic diversity parameters, (ii) to estimate the levels of population structure, and (iii) to identify germplasm redundancies. A total of 314 accessions, including landraces, early selections, and modern cultivars, were monitored, and 220 unique SSR genotypes were identified. All 14 loci were confirmed to be polymorphic, and a total of 137 alleles were detected with a mean of 9.8 alleles per locus. The average number of alleles (N = 9.8), PIC value (0.658), observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.71), and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.70) were higher in this study compared to values reported so far. Four ancestral populations were detected using STRUCTURE software and confirmed by Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA), and two of them (K1 and K4) could be attributed to the geographical origin of the accessions. A N-J tree grouped the 220 sweet cherry accessions within three main clusters and six subgroups. Accessions belonging to the four STRUCTURE populations roughly clustered together. Clustering confirmed known genealogical data for several accessions. The large genetic diversity of the collection was demonstrated, in particular within the landrace pool, justifying the efforts made over decades for their conservation. New sources of diversity will allow producers to face challenges, such as climate change and the need to develop more sustainable production systems.
The main focus of our study was to investigate differences in nutritional (dry matter, soluble solids content, total acidity and pH value) and bioactive values (ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, ...total phenols, and non-flavonoids content) of wild grown raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus discolor) genotypes harvested from native populations in Croatia. The average total acidity ranged from 0.93 to 1.72% in R. discolor and 1.57 to 1.91% in R. idaeus. Ascorbic acid was found between 22.34 mg and 45.00 mg 100 g⁻¹ in R. idaeus, while it was between 30.64 mg and 33.09 mg 100 g⁻¹ in R. discolor genotypes. A great variability in total anthocyanins was detected in roatian wild blackberry and raspberry genotypes, ranging from 2,226 to 2,367 mg kg⁻¹ for blackberries and 279 to 582 mg kg⁻¹ for raspberries, indicating wild blackberries are particularly rich in anthocyanins. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that investigated wild growing fruit species have a great potential in nutritive research, as well as in biodiversity research. It is necessary to carry out further investigation and evaluation of wild growing fruit species to utilize them in the most appropriate way, as well as conservation of interesting accessions in the gene banks.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
n this paper, we present the results of the examination of the genetic characteristics of 7 autochthonous varieties of "Lubeničarka" pear (watermelon pear) that are typical for the Banjaluka region, ...using AFLP molecular markers. In order to reliably confirm that there are differences among selected varieties we have analyzed their genetic profiles using AFLP genetic markers and established, based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient, that there is a genetic variability among the studied varieties. Furthermore, based on these analyzes we have classified these varieties into 3 groups of which variety G_19 has a very large coefficient (0.4369) when compared to other varieties. These results might be immensely important for present and future pear breeding and genetic improvement program.
Plant breeding as an important discipline in agriculture started in Croatia during the last decades of XIX century at several institutions and farms, but was mainly focused on arable grains, but to ...less extent to fodder, and other crops. The efforts in the research, collecting and evaluation of genetic resources of fodder crops started in the second half of XX century, but were interrupted and ceased by the war in 1990-ies, with a part of material being lost. The activities started almost from scratch by establishing the Croatian Gene Bank in early 1990ties that existed only for few years. A new National Plant Gene Bank was established in 2004 as a network working in synergy with the SEEDNet programme, and was directed by National Plant Genetic Resources Programme based on the valid international treaties on biodiversity, and conducted according to good practice in genetic resources maintenance and research, with the support of the Ministry of Agriculture and EU funds. The paper presents the short outline of the research of the genetic resources of fodder crops.
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