The revision of the structure of the sesquiterpene aquatolide from a bicyclo2.2.0hexane to a bicyclo2.1.1hexane structure using compelling NMR data, X-ray crystallography, and the recent ...confirmation via full synthesis exemplify that the achievement of “structural correctness” depends on the completeness of the experimental evidence. Archived FIDs and newly acquired aquatolide spectra demonstrate that archiving and rigorous interpretation of 1D 1H NMR data may enhance the reproducibility of (bio)chemical research and curb the growing trend of structural misassignments. Despite being the most accessible NMR experiment, 1D 1H spectra encode a wealth of information about bonds and molecular geometry that may be fully mined by 1H iterative full spin analysis (HiFSA). Fully characterized 1D 1H spectra are unideterminant for a given structure. The corresponding FIDs may be readily submitted with publications and collected in databases. Proton NMR spectra are indispensable for structural characterization even in conjunction with 2D data. Quantum interaction and linkage tables (QuILTs) are introduced for a more intuitive visualization of 1D J-coupling relationships, NOESY correlations, and heteronuclear experiments. Overall, this study represents a significant contribution to best practices in NMR-based structural analysis and dereplication.
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Policy makers have often argued that an additional benefit of facilitating early retirement is that it creates employment for the young. This may happen if older and younger workers are ...substitutes. Nowadays policies are aimed at increasing employment of older people to counter the economic consequences of an aging population. Opponents of such policies argue that these will adversely affect youth employment. This paper revisits the nexus between employment of older and younger workers, if only to put any concerns for adverse effects of later retirement on youth employment to rest. To empirically investigate this issue we estimate a dynamic model of employment of the young, prime age and old people using panel data of 22 OECD countries over the time period 1960–2008. Our empirical analysis does not support the hypothesis that employment of the young and old are substitutes and finds some minor complementarities. This suggests that encouraging later retirement will have no adverse effect on youth employment.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Using microdata from Household Budget Surveys of the Member States of the European Community, this paper examines the sensitivity of poverty statistics with respect to the choice of the equivalence ...scale. The results show that the ranking of the countries with respect to the overall poverty incidence is hardly affected when different equivalence scales are used. However, the composition of the poor population shows considerable changes when e.g. subjective equivalence scales are used instead of the OECD equivalence scale. The poverty incidence among specific household groups, such as single elderly and households with children, is particularly sensitive to the choice of the equivalence scale.
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4.
Total Synthesis of Aquatolide Saya, Jordy M; Vos, Klaas; Kleinnijenhuis, Roel A ...
Organic letters,
08/2015, Volume:
17, Issue:
15
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A total synthesis of the sesquiterpene lactone aquatolide has been accomplished. The central step is an intramolecular 2 + 2-photocycloaddition of an allene onto an α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone. Other ...key steps are an intramolecular Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction to close the lactone and an intramolecular Mukaiyama-type aldol reaction to cyclize the eight-membered ring. Racemic aquatolide has been resolved using preparative HPLC.
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•Many national consumer surveys aim to elicit consumers’ inflation expectations.•Results vary across surveys, which may partly reflect differences in survey design.•We find effects of interview mode, ...question wording, and revision prompts.•We discuss implications of our findings for survey design.
Several national surveys aim to elicit consumers’ inflation expectations. Median expectations tend to track objective inflation estimates over time, although responses display large dispersion. Medians also tend to differ between surveys, possibly reflecting survey design differences. Using a nationally representative Dutch sample, we evaluate the importance of three survey design features in explaining observed differences: mode (face-to-face vs. web), question wording (‘prices in general’ vs. ‘inflation’), and the explicit opportunity to revise responses. We examine effects on item non-responses, revisions, reported inflation expectations and their deviation from the CPI inflation rate. We discuss implications of our findings for survey design.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The dramatic fall in labor-force participation among the elderly in the Netherlands can be explained largely by the introduction over the past 4 decades of a number of new arrangements which created ...incentives to retire. These incentives exacerbate the economic consequences of the demographic shift, as fewer workers have to support an ever increasing number of nonparticipants in the labor market. In comparison with other countries, the Netherlands has one advantage in that the occupational pensions are fully funded. Pension-fund reserves in the Netherlands are about 130% of GDP, by far the highest in the OECD. This will make the financing of retirement in the future less problematic than in most OECD countries.
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BFBNIB, CEKLJ, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Both poverty research and social policy employ a variety of poverty definitions. The choice of one specific definition has major consequences for the resulting poverty population. This paper uses ...eight different definitions of poverty to determine who is poor, using a 1983 Dutch sample of more than 12,000 households. Poverty according to each of these definitions is compared over different subgroups. The relevance of the choice between definitions for social policy is shown by the presentation of poverty percentages according to the various definitions, which vary widely.
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In this paper, results of applying the subjective definition of poverty, introduced by Goedhart et al. (1977), in the U.S. and the Netherlands are compared. This definition focuses on the monetary ...amounts which people consider necessary to make ends meet for their households as provided in response to the Minimum Income Question (MIQ). National data from both countries in the early 1980s are analyzed. In regressions of reported minimum income, corrections are made for the omission of income components and selective non‐response. For the first time the relationship between fixed expenditures and the MIQ is examined. Factors significantly related to reported minimum income include household income, household composition, age, education, sex, region, fixed expenditures, and whether the household experienced recent income changes. The income elasticity appears to be smaller in the U.S. than in the Netherlands, while the effects of other socioeconomic factors are greater. On average, the resulting subjective income thresholds are above official poverty lines, but more so in the U.S. than in the Nerherlands. Whether thresholds based on answers to MIQs should be regarded as poverty lines remains open to question.
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