Fermented dry sausages (FDS) without nitrite added, fortified with bioactive phenol and flavonoid compounds originating from the ethanol extract of Kitaibelia vitifolia were food matrix for ...investigation of its antioxidant and antimicrobial potency. These activities were researched in order to improve the sausages' shelf-life, safety, and provide health benefits to consumers as well. The oxidative stability of the FDS, containing two different levels of natural preservative, was evaluated using five different contemporary methods for antioxidative activity. The activity was tested on the 20th day of the refrigerated storage. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the sausage extract were determined against six microorganisms, using a micro dilution method. Determined optimal effective concentration of dissolved K. vitifolia extract (12.5g/kg of meat dough) revealed strong antioxidant activity, and moderate antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (minimum inhibitory concentrations=15.625μg/mL). The modified sausages had typical chemical–physical characteristics of FDS, controlled on 0, 13, 26d of ripening and 20, 40 and 60d of storage.
•Produced healthier fermented dry sausage (FDS) that no nitrites are added•FDS fortified by bioactive phenol and flavonoid compounds from Kitaibelia vitifolia•Significant increase of oxidative stability in fortified food matrix of FDS•Great antimicrobial activity of fortified sausage, highest against E. coli•Optimal effective concentration of herb extract was 12.5g/kg of meat dough.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Four novel gold(III) complexes of general formulae AuCl2{(S,S)-R2eddl}PF6 (R2eddl=O,O′-dialkyl-(S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N′-di-2-(4-methyl)pentanoate, R=n-Pr, n-Bu, n-Pe, i-Bu; 1–4, respectively), were ...synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, UV/Vis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as high resolution mass spectrometry. Density functional theory calculations pointed out that (R,R)-N,N′-configuration diastereoisomers were energetically the most favorable. Duo to high cytotoxic activity complex 3 was chosen for stability study in DMSO, no decomposition occurs within 24h, and for the reaction with ascorbic acid in which was reduced immediately. Additionally, 3 interacts with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as proven by UV/Vis spectroscopy. In vitro antitumor activity was determined against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human myelogenous leukemia (K562), and human melanoma (Fem-x) cancer cell lines, as well as against non-cancerous human embryonic lung fibroblast cells MRC-5. The highest activity was observed against K562 cells (IC50: 5.04–6.51μM). Selectivity indices showed that these complexes are less toxic than cisplatin. 3 had a similar viability kinetics on HeLa cells as cisplatin. Drug accumulation studies in HeLa cells showed that the total gold uptake increased much faster than that of cisplatin pointing out that 3 more efficiently enters the cells than cisplatin. Furthermore, morphological and cell cycle analysis reveal that gold(III) complexes induced apoptosis in time- and dose-dependent manner.
Synthesis, characterization, stability, interactions with bovine serum albumin and ascorbic acid, in vitro anticancer activity, cell cycle and mode of cell death, as well as kinetics study and drug uptake of novel gold(III) complexes of general formula AuCl2{(S,S)-R2eddl}PF6, (R2eddl=O,O′-dialkyl-(S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N′-di-2-(4-methyl)pentanoate; R=n-Pr, n-Bu, n-Pe, i-Bu) are presented. Display omitted
•Four new gold(III) complexes with N,N′-ethylenediamine bidentate esters are prepared.•Highest activity is against K562 cells, indicating novel antileukemic treatments.•The most active Au(III) complex accumulated in cells more efficiently than cisplatin.•The mode of cell death induced by these complexes is apoptosis.•The most active Au(III) complex interacts with bovine serum albumin (BSA).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Language is a complex, highly adaptable, ever-changing system. Many complex agents interact and underlie language learning ranging from linguistic, social, psychological, cognitive, cultural etc. ...Take just one agent from the language-learning equation and the final outcome will be considerably different. This paper highlights and elaborates on some of the most striking features of the usagebased approaches to Foreign/Second Language Learning (Acquisition) which are the following: 1) L2 learning primarily depends on learners’ exposure to their second language (L2) in real-life conditions/ use, that is, the linguistic input they receive, and 2) L2 learners induce the rules of the L2 surface structure from the input by employing cognitive mechanisms which are not exclusive to language learning, but that are general cognitive mechanisms at work in any kind of learning, including language learning ((Ellis, N. & Wulff, S. 2015; Vujić, 2016). The main tennet of such approach is that in the L2 learning process there is no strict delimitation between grammatical and lexical component of the language i.e. it is a phrase-oriented approach which insists on mobilization of students’ full cognitive capacities as well socio-cultural proficiency in L2. Although this paper primarily focuses on English as L2, we believe that it could be highly valuable to all those directly or indirectly interested and involved in language pedagogy.
A novel gold(III) complex, AuCl2{(S,S)-Et2eddl}PF6, ((S,S)-Et2eddl = O,O′-diethyl ester of ethylenediamine-N,N′-di-2-(4-methyl)pentanoic acid) was synthesized and characterized by IR, 1D (1H and ...13C), and 2D (H,H-COSY and H,H-NOESY) NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Density functional theory calculations confirmed that (R,R)-N,N′ diastereoisomer was energetically the most stable isomer. In vitro antitumor action of ligand precursor (S,S)-H2Et2eddlCl2 and corresponding gold(III) complex was determined against tumor cell lines: human adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human colon carcinoma (LS174), human breast cancer (MCF7), non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line (A549), and non-cancerous cell line human embryonic lung fibroblast (MRC-5) using microculture tetrazolium test (MTT) assay. The results indicate that both ligand precursor and gold(III) complex have showed very good to moderate cytotoxic activity against all tested malignant cell lines. The highest activity was expressed by AuCl2{(S,S)-Et2eddl}PF6 against the LS174 cells, with IC50 value of 7.4 ± 1.2 µM.
The traditional use of phyto remedies and natural products may indicate their pharmacological potential. Screening plant extracts to identify their active components has gained momentum with possible ...beneficial effects for public health. The aim of study was to assess and compare the biological properties of different extracts (methanolic, aqueous, and ethyl acetate) prepared from Acanthus hirsutus (AH), a traditionally used medicinal plant.
The phytochemical profile of AH was established via analysis of the total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the condensed tannins and gallotannins present in plants collected in the Anatolian region of Turkey. Chemical profiles were confirmed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/DAD) method. Antioxidant potential were appraised through the analysis of their free radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, and inhibition ability of lipid peroxidation. Any cytotoxicity activity of the extracts was assessed through the 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against three different cancer cell lines.
The HPLC/DAD profile revealed the presence of rutin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, and naringenin which were in significant abundance in the extracts. The aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant capacity with 284.33 ± 0.05 μg AAE/g extract, which correlated with the highest total condensed tannins, phenolics, and flavonoid contents (94.14 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g extract, 114.30 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g extract and 61.18 ± 0.43 mg RE/g extract, respectively). Different sensitivities were observed towards the different cell lines used, with the aqueous extract being the less cytotoxic.
AH proved to be a potent medicinal plant that can be further exploited as a complementary and alternative therapy for the management of oxidative stress related diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Four novel bidentate N,N'-ligand precursors, including O,O'-dialkyl esters (alkyl = ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and n-pentyl), L1 x 2 HCl-L4 x 2 HCl, of ...(S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-2-(4-methyl)-pentanoic acid dihydrochloride (S,S)-H(4)eddlCl(2) and the corresponding palladium(II) complexes 1-4, were prepared and characterized by IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In vitro cytotoxicity of all compounds was determined against chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells (CLL). The compounds were found to exhibit higher antitumoral activity than cisplatin. The most active compound 2, PdCl(2){(S,S)-nPr(2)eddl}, was found to be 13.6 times more active than cisplatin on CLL cells.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•Comparison between conventional and non-conventional technique for Satureja hortensis L. extraction.•Utilization of subcritical water extraction for obtaining plant extracts opulent with bioactive ...components.•Cytotoxic activity of Satureja hortensis L. extracts were confirmed.•Subcritical water extraction extracts exhibited superior antioxidant potential.
Satureja hortensis L. (summer savory) is herb from Lamiaceae plant family known by its usage in folk medicine and cooking. Despite these facts, this plant was not well studied regarding the application of nonconventional extraction techniques and utilization of prepared extracts. Thus, aim of this study was to prepare extract using conventional (maceration and Soxhlet) and non-conventional (ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted and subcritical water) approaches, to establish their chemical profile and biological activity using different assays and methods. Results confirmed the domination of subcritical water approach for isolation of natural compounds, following by microwave-assisted extraction. High performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) analysis confirmed the presence and domination of rosmarinic acid in conventionally prepared extracts, while rutin and quercetin dominated in non-conventionally prepared ones. Antioxidant and cytotoxic assays followed the trends of previous analysis, where the highest activity was exhibited by subcritical extract. Thus, results showed that extracts may be applied in food and pharmaceutical industries for utilization.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Uncertain recovery of the global economy, geopolitical risks, future prices of oil and raw materials, volatile capital movements and low-interest rates determine current monetary policy to a large ...extent. Accommodative monetary policies and exit from such policies are the main challenges for monetary authorities. Although accommodative policies and low-interest rates following the outbreak of the crisis affected credit growth and capital inflow, their long-term application affects banks’ profitability and the emergence of new risks and hinders the return to conventional measures. However, the unconventional monetary policy is expected to continue and the exit from quantitative easing will be gradual, consistent with achieving the inflation target and sustainable economic growth. In such circumstances the support from fiscal policy and structural reforms is crucial.
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Erica carnea L. or spring heath, is a perennial evergreen shrub, which belongs to the Ericaceae botanical family, which plant species are known for their biological activity and ...medical application. Despite the wide range of biological activity and medical application, Erica carnea L. has not been studied. This study deals with the application of conventional and non-conventional extraction approaches for isolation of bioactive compounds from the plant. Obtained extracts was tested regarding their chemical profile (total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins, gallotannins and anthocyanins contents) and biological activity (antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities). Phenolic profile of extracts was established using HPLC-DAD analysis where rosmarinic acid and rutin were dominant compounds. Results of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities demonstrated the domination of subcritical water extract, while ultrasound-assisted extract exhibited the highest total antibacterial activity. Presented results demonstrated that plant Erica carnea L. might be used as a potential source of biologically compounds.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Novel platinum(IV) complexes containing esters of (S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N′-di-2-(4-methyl)pentanoic acid were synthesized and tested against MDA-MB-361, MDAMB-453, Jurkat, K562, SW480 and CLL ...cells. In vitro antitumor activity was accompanied by an important apoptotic fraction of tested cell lines after treatment with complexes 1–4. Display omitted
► Synthesized Pt(IV) complexes containing R2edda-type ligands. ► Quantum chemical calculations (DFT level) support experimental findings. ► Complexes 2–4 vs. cisplatin: higher/comparable activity on SW480/Jukart cell line.
Synthesis of four new platinum(IV) complexes 1–4, with bidentate N,N′-ligand precursors O,O′-dialkyl esters (alkyl=ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and n-pentyl), of (S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N′-di-2-(4-methyl)pentanoic acid dihydrochloride (S,S)-H4eddlCl2 were reported. The composition of the novel platinum complexes was determined by elemental analysis and characterizations were performed by infrared, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations indicate formation one (R,R) from three possible diastereoisomers (S,S; R,S). Complexes 1–4 displayed potent anticancer activity. IC50 values range from 0.74 to 70μM, against tested cell lines, except for CLL cells. The antitumoral activity of 2–4 was found to be considerably stronger to Jurkat and K562. Cell cycle analysis of cell lines showed G1 arrest in the presence of analyzed complexes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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