Guinea pigs are often used in translational research, but providing them with safe and effective anesthesia is a challenge. Common methods like inhalant anesthesia and injectable ketamine/xylazine ...induce surgical anesthesia but can negatively affect cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregulatory systems and complicate the interpretation of research outcomes. Several alternative anesthetic regimens have been investigated, but none have consistently achieved a surgical plane of anesthesia. Therefore, identifying an anesthetic regimen that achieves a stable state of the surgical plane of anesthesia while preserving cardiorespiratory function would be a valuable contribution. To address this issue, we compared the efficacy of 3 anesthetic combinations in female Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs: 1) alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, and fentanyl (ADF); 2) alfaxalone, midazolam, and fentanyl (AMF); and 3) alfaxalone, midazolam, fentanyl, and isoflurane (AMFIso). We monitored anesthetic depth, heart rate, oxygenation, respiratory rate, respiratory effort, blood pressure, and body temperature every 15 min from injection to recovery. We also recorded the time to loss of righting reflex, duration of anesthesia, and time to achieve a surgical plane. The results showed no statistically significant differences in induction and recovery times among the groups. In the AMFIso group, 100% of the animals achieved a surgical plane of anesthesia, whereas only 10% of the animals in the AMF group reached that level. None of the animals in ADF group reached a surgical plane of anesthesia. Respiratory rate was significantly lower in the AMFIso as compared with the ADF group ( P < 0.001) but was not different between the AMF and ADF groups. Temperature was significantly lower in the AMFIso group as compared with both the ADF and AMF groups ( P < 0.001). In conclusion, both combinations of solely injectable anesthetics assessed in this study can be used for short, nonpainful procedures without significant cardiorespiratory depression. However, for mildly to moderately painful surgical procedures, the addition of an inhalant anesthetic like isoflurane is necessary for female guinea pigs.
When forming a relationship, romantic partners must develop a conceptualization of their self in the relationship, or an understanding of their couple identity. Drawing from the theory of identity ...fusion, the current study explored the implications of different types of couple identities for overcoming relationship challenges. Results demonstrated that individuals who perceived greater fusion with their partner (i.e., perceived an equal blending of the personal and partner's self in creating their unique couple identity) exhibited reduced vigilance for relationship threats and enacted more constructive coping responses to relationship conflict. Conversely, individuals who perceived an imbalanced couple identity (i.e., perceived either their own or their partner's identity as dominant in the couple identity), exhibited fewer of these pro-relationship behaviors.
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Throughout a marriage couples will share countless ordinary moments together that may seem trivial, but which actually have potential to affirm and strengthen relational bonds. According to theories ...of emotional capital, the accumulation of shared positive moments in a relationship should serve as an essential resource for protecting the relationship against threats. To date, however, few empirical studies have explored the role emotional capital may play in shaping responses to negative relationship experiences. In the current study, newly married couples completed 3 14-day daily diary tasks assessing emotional capital, negative partner behaviors, and marital satisfaction over a 3-year period, for a total of 42 potential days of diary data. Contrary to predictions, emotional capital on a given day was not associated with reactivity to relationship threats on the following day. However, conceptually replicating prior work, individuals who accumulated more emotional capital on average across the diary tasks did exhibit lower reactivity to daily relationship threats; that is, on days of greater relationship threat (i.e., negative partner behaviors), those spouses who generally accrued more shared positive moments with their partner maintained greater feelings of marital satisfaction compared with spouses who accrued fewer positive moments. These findings contribute to a growing literature illustrating how positive shared activities between partners help sustain relationship quality over time.
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Individuals experience numerous transitions across various roles during their lives. These role transitions can be disruptive to the way individuals view their identity, and thus their well-being; ...however, role transitions do not affect all individuals equally. Therefore, in the current work, we focused on two factors which may influence self-concept clarity and explain differential experiences following role transitions. We tested the relationship between the amount of self-change and positive emotions in reaction to a role transition predicting self-concept clarity, including both role entries (e.g. parenthood/new relationships, Studies 1-4) and role exits (e.g. divorce/job loss, Studies 3 and 4). Across several studies and all role transitions, we found that among individuals who experienced low levels of positive emotions after a role transition, greater self-change predicted reduced self-concept clarity. Among individuals who experienced higher levels of positive emotionality, this association did not emerge.
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Financial conflicts are among the top reasons for dissatisfaction and dissolution in romantic relationships. Beyond economic strain, however, few studies have examined the psychological antecedents ...of financial conflicts that contribute to relationship satisfaction. The present research examined whether basing one’s self-esteem on financial success was associated with greater perceived financial conflicts with one’s partner and worse relationship outcomes. A cross-sectional study (N = 167), dyadic study (N = 193 couples), and a 6-week diary study (N = 74 couples) revealed that participants with financially contingent self-worth reported having more financial conflicts with their partner, which was associated with lower relationship satisfaction and perceived partner support. In a final experiment (N = 337), participants who were led to expect many (vs. few) benefits of financial success based their current self-worth more on money, showed greater conflict responses to financial scenarios involving their partner, and reported lower relationship satisfaction and perceived partner support.
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Maintaining compliance with cage density recommendations in The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals precludes continuous trio breeding in standard-sized mouse cages. This study evaluated ...and compared several parameters of reproductive performance, intracage ammonia concentration, and fecal corticosterone levels in 2 strains of mice, C57BL/6J (B6) and B6.129S(Cg)- Stat1 tm1Dlv /J (STAT1 −/− ), housed as continuous breeding pairs or trios in standard-sized mouse cages, and continuous breeding trios in standard-sized rat cages. Reproductive performance data indicated that STAT1 −/− trios raised in rat cages weaned significantly more pups per litter than did STAT1 −/− trios raised in mouse cages, and B6 mice had higher pup survival rates at weaning than did STAT1 −/− mice in mouse cages housing continuous breeding trios. In addition, the Production Index was significantly higher for B6 breeding trios in rat cages than for B6 trios in mouse cages. Intracage ammonia concentration increased with cage density, with significantly higher ammonia concentrations in mouse cages housing trios compared with rat cages housing trios. However, fecal corticosterone levels did not differ significantly regardless of genotype, breeding configuration, or cage size, and daily health checks revealed no clinical abnormalities under any of the conditions evaluated. These results suggest that, although continuous trio breeding in standard-sized mouse cages does not seem to compromise mouse welfare, it offers no advantage in reproductive performance compared with pair breeding, and in some cases, it might be disadvantageous in this regard. Further, high intracage ammonia in mouse cages containing breeding trios might necessitate more frequent cage changes.
Anesthesia in rhesus macaques is required for many procedures. Although ketamine is the backbone of most anesthetic protocols, tolerance to the drug can develop, resulting in the need for higher ...doses to provide sufficient restraint. Combination with other drugs, such as α-agonists,
can be ketamine-sparing, providing for sufficient restraint at lower ketamine doses. In addition, because α-agonists are reversible, recovery from anesthesia has the potential to be much shorter. We hypothesized that use of a low dose of ketamine with a high dose of dexmedetomidine,
an α2 receptor selective agonist, in male and female rhesus macaques less than 15 y of age would provide adequate anesthesia for short procedures and that recovery would be faster than in macaques given a higher dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg) alone. We found that the combination, in conjunction
with atipamezole for reversal, provided smooth induction of anesthesia and significantly shorter recovery time than did ketamine alone, with no significant effects of sex. The combination of low dose ketamine and high dose dexmedetomidine also provided a 30-min window of anesthesia with analgesia
sufficient for mild to moderately painful procedures.
Among the many analgesic agents available, buprenorphine appears to be the analgesic used most often in rabbits. Unfortunately, deleterious side effects of opioids, such as gastrointestinal stasis ...and anorexia, may discourage the use of these agents. Methylnaltrexone is a peripheral
opioid antagonist that ameliorates opioid-induced gastrointestinal stasis in others species yet preserves the analgesic effects of buprenorphine. We evaluated whether methylnaltrexone reversed buprenorphine-induced gastrointestinal stasis in 8 healthy male New Zealand White rabbits. To measure
gastrointestinal transit time, each rabbit received 20 barium-filled spheres through an orogastric tube. Rabbits then received 4 treatments in random order: buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg SC), methylnaltrexone (1 mg/kg SC), both agents combined (B+M), or normal saline (control) every 12 h for 2
d. Fecal production was measured every 6 h, and water and food consumption, and body weight, were measured daily, for 5 d after each treatment. The time to appearance of the first sphere was significantly longer for buprenorphine group than for control and methylnaltrexone groups. Daily fecal
output was lowest for buprenorphine and B+M, intermediate for control, and highest for methylnaltrexone. Water and food consumption were lower for groups buprenorphine and B+M than for control and methylnaltrexone. Body weight was not affected. In conclusion, treatment with buprenorphine 0.05
mg/kg BID for 2 d in healthy rabbits decreased food and water consumption, prolonged gastrointestinal transit time and decreased the fecal output. Coadministration of methylnaltrexone at 1 mg/kg did not alleviate these negative side effects.
Every day in the United States, at least 2 billion gallons of fluids are injected into over 172,000 wells to enhance oil and gas production, or to dispose of fluids brought to the surface during the ...extraction of oil and gas resources. These wells are subject to regulation to protect drinking water sources under EPAs UIC class II program and approved state class II programs. Because much of the population relies on underground sources for drinking water, these wells have raised concerns about the safety of the nations drinking water. This book examines EPA and state roles, responsibilities, and resources for the program; safeguards to protect drinking water; EPA oversight and enforcement of class II programs; and the reliability of program data for reporting. GAO reviewed federal and state laws and regulations.
Ethacrynic acid and a series of its analogues were synthesized and subsequently evaluated for their inhibitory effect on jack bean urease. Ethacrynic acid showed, even at low concentrations, very ...potent inhibitory activity against the enzyme. For ethacrynic acid, the inhibition potential increased with increasing preincubation time of ethacrynic acid and enzyme, whereas for some other compounds a higher preincubation time lead to a significant reduction of their activity. We could demonstrate that the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl unit of our compounds is mandatory to inhibit the enzyme, possibly due to its ability to bind to cysteine residues in the active site of the jack bean urease.
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