Metal‐containing nanoparticles (M‐NPs) in metal/nitrogen‐doped carbon (M‐N‐C) catalysts have been considered hostile to the acidic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The relation between M‐NPs and the ...active sites of metal coordinated with nitrogen (MNx) is hard to establish in acid medium owing to the poor stability of M‐NPs. Herein, we develop a strategy to successfully construct a new FeCo‐N‐C catalyst containing highly active M‐NPs and MN4 composite sites (M/FeCo‐SAs‐N‐C). Enhanced catalytic activity and stability of M/FeCo‐SAs‐N‐C is shown experimentally. Calculations reveal that there is a strong interaction between M‐NPs and FeN4 sites, which can favor ORR by activating the O−O bond, thus facilitating a direct 4 e− process. Those findings firstly shed light on the highly active M‐NPs and FeN4 composite sites for catalyzing acid oxygen reduction reaction, and the relevant reaction mechanism is suggested.
Highly active metal‐containing nanoparticles and FeN4 composite sites have been constructed. Experiment and calculation results reveal the enormous potential for activating the O−O bond and promoting the direct 4 e− dissociation pathway in the acidic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which could fundamentally improve ORR activity and inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The rational design of catalytically active sites in porous materials is essential in electrocatalysis. Herein, atomically dispersed Fe‐Nx sites supported by hierarchically porous carbon membranes ...are designed to electrocatalyze the hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR), one of the key techniques in electrochemical nitrogen transformation. The high intrinsic catalytic activity of the Fe‐Nx single‐atom catalyst together with the uniquely mixed micro‐/macroporous membrane support positions such an electrode among the best‐known heteroatom‐based carbon anodes for hydrazine fuel cells. Combined with advanced characterization techniques, electrochemical probe experiments, and density functional theory calculation, the pyrrole‐type FeN4 structure is identified as the real catalytic site in HzOR.
Hierarchically porous carbon membrane‐supported atomically dispersed pyrrole‐type FeN4 sites are proposed and verified as real active sites for the hydrazine oxidation reaction.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
For effective preventive strategies against GORD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease), we assessed the GORD burden from 1990 to 2019.
The burden of GORD between 1990 and 2019 was evaluated globally, ...regionally, and nationally. Using ASIR (age-standardized incidence), ASYLDs (age-standardized years lived with disabilitys), we compared them to the GBD world population per 100,000. The estimates were based on 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). The AAPC (average annual percent change) in incidence, YLDs, along with prevalence rates with associated 95% CIs were estimated.
Data to estimate the burden of GORD are scarce till now. The global ASIR of GORD in 2019 was 3792.79 per 100,000, an increase AAPC of 0.112% from 1990. The prevalence of GORD increased with a AAPC of 0.096% to 9574.45 per 100,000. Global ASYLDs in 2019 was 73.63, an increase AAPC of 0.105% from 1990. The GORD burden varies greatly depending on the development level and geographical location. USA demonstrated the most obvious decreasing trend in burden of GORD, while Sweden had an increasing trend. That the increase in GORD YLDs was mediated primarily by the growth and aging of population, was revealed by decomposition analyses. There was an inverse relationship between SDI (socio-demographic index) and GORD-burden. Frontier analyses revealed significant scope of improvement in the status of development at all levels.
GORD is a public health challenge, especially in Latin America. Some SDI quintiles had declining rates, while some countries experienced increased rates. Thus, resources should be allocated for preventative measures based on country-specific estimates.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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•FePc covered by graphene was developed as a model catalyst representing carbon-encapsulated metal nanoparticles.•Embedded FePc can activate graphene, and exhibits an ORR activity ...comparable to exposed FePc.•Unlike exposed FePc, the embedded FePc cannot be poisoned by SCN−.
Carbon atomic layers with encapsulated transition metal nanoparticles exhibit high catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and good tolerance for poisoning species and acid leaching. However, the active sites and catalytic mechanism are not yet clear, mainly due to the highly heterogeneous structure of encapsulated types of catalysts. In this study, we developed a new model catalyst to mimic encapsulated types of catalysts by covering the well-defined active sites of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) with a monolayer of graphene. It was found that the FePc can activate the surface carbon layer to catalyze the ORR. Unlike exposed FePc on graphene, the embedded catalyst is insensitive to poisoning by SCN− ions. The designed model catalyst demonstrates that molecular type active sites, as well as metal nanoparticles, can form encapsulated catalysts for ORR. The simple and well-defined structure of this model catalyst is helpful for investigating the active sites and the catalytic mechanism at the atomic scale.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Irreversible entropy production (IEP) plays an important role in quantum thermodynamic processes. Here, we investigate the geometrical bounds of IEP in nonequilibrium thermodynamics by exemplifying a ...system coupled to a squeezed thermal bath subject to dissipation and dephasing, respectively. We find that the geometrical bounds of the IEP always shift in a contrary way under dissipation and dephasing, where the lower and upper bounds turning to be tighter occur in the situation of dephasing and dissipation, respectively. However, either under dissipation or under dephasing, we may reduce both the critical time of the IEP itself and the critical time of the bounds for reaching an equilibrium by harvesting the benefits of squeezing effects in which the values of the IEP, quantifying the degree of thermodynamic irreversibility, also become smaller. Therefore, due to the nonequilibrium nature of the squeezed thermal bath, the system-bath interaction energy has a prominent impact on the IEP, leading to tightness of its bounds. Our results are not contradictory with the second law of thermodynamics by involving squeezing of the bath as an available resource, which can improve the performance of quantum thermodynamic devices.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Gouty arthritis serves as an acute reaction initiated by the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals around the joints. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemical ...β-caryophyllene on MSU crystal-induced acute gouty arthritis
and in silico were explored. Through bioinformatics methods and molecular docking, it screened the specific influence pathway of β-caryophyllene on gout. Certain methods including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining were adopted to quantify. β-caryophyllene significantly reduced inflammation and function of ankle joints in MSU Crystals-induced gouty arthritis rats, while decreasing serum cytokine levels. Furthermore, it inhibited the expressions of NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC, TLR4, MyD88, p65, and IL-1β in the synovial tissue so as to reduce inflammation and protect ankle joints' function. A new research approach in which β-caryophyllene treatment to acute attacks of gout is provided through the research results.
Deep neuromuscular block (NMB) has been shown to improve surgical conditions and alleviate post-operative pain in bariatric surgery compared with moderate NMB. We hypothesized that deep NMB could ...also improve the quality of early recovery after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).
Eighty patients were randomized to receive either deep (post-tetanic count 1-3) or moderate (train-of-four count 1-3) NMB. The QoR-15 questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of early recovery at 1 day before surgery (T0), 24 and 48 h after surgery (T2, T3). Additionally, we recorded diaphragm excursion (DE), postoperative pain, surgical condition, cumulative dose of analgesics, time of first flatus and ambulation, post-operative nausea and vomiting, time of tracheal tube removal and hospitalization time.
The quality of recovery was significantly better 24 h after surgery in patients who received a deep versus moderate block (114.4 ± 12.9 versus 102.1 ± 18.1). Diaphragm excursion was significantly greater in the deep NMB group when patients performed maximal inspiration at T2 and T3 (P < 0.05). Patients who underwent deep NMB reported lower visceral pain scores 40 min after surgery; additionally, these patients experienced lower pain during movement at T3 (P < 0.05). Optimal surgical conditions were rated in 87.5% and 64.6% of all measurements during deep and moderate NMB respectively (P < 0.001). The time to tracheal tube removal was significantly longer in the deep NMB group (P = 0.001). There were no differences in other outcomes.
In obese patients receiving deep NMB during LSG, we observed improved QoR-15 scores, greater diaphragmatic excursions, improved surgical conditions, and visceral pain scores were lower. More evidence is needed to determine the effects of deep NMB on these outcomes.
ChiCTR2200065919. Date of retrospectively registered: 18/11/2022.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic poses a major threat to human health and health care systems. Urgent prevention and control measures have obstructed patients' access to pain ...treatment, and many patients with pain have been unable to receive adequate and timely medical services. Many patients with COVID-19 report painful symptoms including headache, muscle pain, and chest pain during the initial phase of the disease. Persistent pain sequela in patients with COVID-19 has a physical or mental impact and may also affect the immune, endocrine, and other systems. However, the management and treatment of neurological symptoms such as pain are often neglected for patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Based on the China's early experience in the management of COVID-19 symptoms, the possible negative effects of pre-existing chronic pain in patients with COVID-19 and the challenges of COVID-19 prevention and control bring to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain are discussed. This review calls to attention the need to optimize pain management during and after COVID-19.
In this experiment, we applied hot alkaline solution (20%NaOH solutions) to treat the surfaces of zirconia ceramics in vitro, then evaluated the changes of bond strength of zirconia ceramics and ...resin cement.
Eighteen pieces of zirconia ceramic specimens were made, using the same method of grinding and polishing, and then randomly divided them into 3 groups: group A with hot alkali solution treatment (20%NaOH) (n=6), group B underwent sand blasting with a diameter of 110 ?m alumina particles (n=6), group C was as the control group. Atomic force microscope was used to measure the roughness of the surface of the specimens, and the zirconia surfaces were scanned to get topography maps, then made them into ceramic/resin-bonded specimens. After 24 h of water reservoir processing, shearing bonding strength (SBS) test was conducted and their bond interfaces were observed to investigate the lesions of different degree in these specimens. The data were analyzed with SPSS20.0 software package.
Surface roughness was gro
TiO2/porous glass-H as composite catalysts were synthesized hydrothermally in the presence of H2O2 using porous glass microspheres as carriers. The photocatalytic-adsorptive desulfurization of model ...fuel by composite catalysts was investigated under UV irradiation. The structure and morphology of the composite catalysts were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). The results showed that TiO2/porous glass-H exhibited a significantly enhanced photocatalytic-adsorption desulfurization performance due to its enhanced surface area, highly enhanced light absorption, and reduced recombination of photogenerated electron pairs compared with TiO2/porous glass synthesized in the absence of H2O2. The optimized TiO2 loading was 20% and the reaction temperature was 303.15 K, which could achieve almost 100% sulfur removal when 0.1 g catalyst was applied to a sulfide concentration of 300 mg L−1. Based on the kinetic fitting of the obtained data, it was found that the rate-controlling step of sulfide adsorption on the catalyst was a molecular diffusion process and the adsorption intensity and adsorption capacity of the composite catalyst were significantly improved compared with the porous glass-H in the adsorption thermodynamic curve, and ΔS, ΔH and ΔG of the adsorption process were calculated. In addition, TiO2/porous glass-H could be regenerated via simple heat treatment, exhibiting similar efficiency as the original TiO2/porous glass-H after three regeneration cycles.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
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