•A high entropy (Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)3O4 was prepared through solid-state reaction.•Single spinel-structure of S-HEO can retain through the re-heat treatment process.•Excellent lithium ion ...storage capability and desirable activity toward OER are realized with S-HEO.
High entropy materials are attracting ever-increasing concern on account of their unique structure and unprecedented potential application in various fields. In this letter, a high entropy (Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)3O4 (S-HEO) with Fd3m spinel structure, is prepared by solid-state reaction. Importantly, without the presence of entropy stabilization behavior, single spinel-structure of S-HEO can be retained through the re-heat treatment process. Benefiting from abundant electroactive species and various chemical valance, excellent Li+ storage capability and favorable performance toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are achieved with S-HEO. As anode material for Li ion batteries, S-HEO presents a high specific capacity of 560 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and superior capacity retention of 100% after 5000 cycles. In-situ EIS, ex-situ TEM and XRD analysis were conducted to probe insight into the diffusion kinetic and structural evolution of S-HEO upon cycling. Efficient water oxidation with an overpotential of 332 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2 are achieved with S-HEO. With comparison to spinel-type moderate entropy oxides (S-MEOs), the synergic effect between five species highlight the merits of high-entropy feature, manifesting a better OER kinetic and higher stability in KOH solution. This research demonstrates the significant importance of high-entropy concept to boost the performance of high entropy materials for electrochemical application.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Detecting workers and equipment through images/videos can assist in safety monitoring, quality control, and productivity management at construction sites. Currently, the dominant method for detecting ...is Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). To apply this method, the DNNs always need to be trained on image datasets that contain objects at the construction site. However, a large-scale and publicly available image dataset for detecting objects at construction sites is still absent, and this hinders research in this field. In this study, the Moving Objects in Construction Sites (MOCS) image dataset is presented. The dataset contains 41,668 images collected from 174 different construction sites. Thirteen categories of moving objects found in construction sites were annotated. Furthermore, the objects were precisely annotated using per-pixel segmentations to assist in precise object localization. A detailed statistical analysis was performed in this study. Finally, a benchmark containing 15 different DNN-based detectors was made using the MOCS dataset. The results show that all detectors trained on the dataset could detect objects at construction sites precisely and robustly.
•A large-scale image dataset for detecting moving objects in construction sites is developed and made publicly available in this paper.•A benchmark has been made on the dataset to guide others selecting detectors.•Limitations and future improvements of the dataset and benchmark are carefully discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study provides a new understanding to sources of nitrogen (N), and may serve as a foundation for further exploration of anthropogenic effects on N inputs. Estimation of net anthropogenic ...nitrogen inputs (NANI) was based on an inventory of atmospheric N deposition, N fertilizer use, N in human food and animal feed, seeding N and N fixation. This study took a step forward to calculate NANI in detail on a regional scale, and analyzed its temporal variations and geographic differences. Over the past 28years, NANI increased significantly in Mainland China, from 2360kgNkm−2yr−1 to 5013kgNkm−2yr−1. On a geographical basis, NANI was higher in southeast where China's eight major watersheds are located than in northwest, and the largest NANI, 26160kgNkm−2yr−1, appeared in Shanghai. The administrative regions corresponding to Haihe watershed, Huaihe watershed and Tai lake watershed have the largest NANI. N input of fertilizer is the largest source of NANI, followed by atmospheric N deposition and N fixation. The primary factor in relation to the change in NANI is total population density, followed by cultivated land area and total grain yield. In those densely populated large cities and watersheds, reasonably allocating the social resources to reduce the existing population density is the most effective way to address the problem of high N inputs, while in those agriculture-dominated regions and watersheds, the most effective way for reducing NANI is to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency in agriculture.
•We studied Nitrogen inputs more reasonable by taking seeding N into consideration.•We analyzed spatial and temporal variation of Nitrogen inputs in Mainland China.•We analyzed the main sources of net N inputs and their change.•Fertilizer Nitrogen is the largest source of net anthropogenic Nitrogen inputs.•The primary factor affecting the NANI change is total population density.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A broadband circularly polarized (CP) dipole antenna with a backed cavity is presented in this letter. The proposed antenna consists of a pair of rotational symmetric short‐circuited branches and a ...Γ‐shaped feed structure. Each branch is designed to be axe‐shaped so that the antenna can achieve a broad 3‐dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. The coupled feeding method assures the antenna is wideband, and the shorting‐to‐the‐ground technique miniaturizes the lateral dimensions of the antenna. The profile of the proposed antenna is around 0.16λL (λL denotes the wavelength of the lower bound frequency). The introduction of a back cavity effectively enhances the boresight gain and improves the isolation level if the antenna is used to form an array. Finally, the design is prototyped, and the measurement results agree well with the simulation. The fractal voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)<2 bandwidth and 3‐dB AR bandwidths are 61.15% (2.725–5.125 GHz) and 45.9% (3.15–5.03 GHz), respectively. The antenna's efficiency exceeds 91.5% over the target frequency band.
A broadband short‐circuited circularly polarized (CP) dipole antenna with a backed cavity is presented in this letter. The well‐designed configuration assigns the antenna broad VSWR<2 and 3‐dB AR bandwidth, and the backed cavity makes it perfect for MIMO applications.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Using Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) observations, responses of ionospheric radial current (IRC) in F‐layer to sawtooth substorms in different magnetic local times are investigated. The ...zonal wind effect alone cannot entirely explain the variability of the substorm time disturbance IRC. When substorms commence amid stable southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), it induces an eastward (westward) equatorial electric field in the daytime (nighttime). This electric field induces an equatorward (poleward) Hall current at low latitudes, consequently generating an upward (downward) perturbation in IRC. Conversely, substorms with varying IMF Bz, where IMF is southward but with a reduced magnitude or turned north after the onset, induce a westward (eastward) equatorial electric field in the daytime (nighttime). This electric field induces a poleward (equatorward) Hall current at low latitudes, consequently generating a downward (upward) disturbed IRC. Notably, this effect is primarily attributed to the varying IMF Bz rather than solely to substorm onset.
Plain Language Summary
Substorms represent intense and dynamic disturbances within the Earth's magnetosphere, characterized by sudden bursts in auroral activity. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) stands out as an important factor in triggering substorms. Our work unveils for the first time that substorm accompanied by varying IMF Bz, where IMF is southward but with a reduced magnitude or turned north after the onset, and those during stable southward IMF periods, elicit diametrically contrasting effects on the ionospheric radial current (IRC) across all local time sectors. The IRC assumes a pivotal role in facilitating the energy exchange between the ionospheric E‐F layers, thereby exerting a profound influence on the ionospheric dynamics. Our work underscores a compelling correlation between the disturbed IRC and the penetration of the substorm electric field into the equatorial ionospheric E region under different IMF conditions. The study demonstrates the significant impact of different solar wind IMF conditions on the propagation of energy in Earth's space environment.
Key Points
Initial observations of F‐layer radial current responses to substorms under different IMF conditions
Substorm induces upward (downward) radial currents during the day (night) owing to Hall currents caused by disturbed electric field
Daytime downward (nighttime upward) radial currents occur only in substorms with varying IMF Bz, due to overshielding electric field
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Preparation of ultrafine highly dispersed VO2(M) nanoparticles that are essential materials to fabricate thermochromic flexible films remains a challenge, preventing effective use of their promising ...properties. Here, we report an original hydrothermal approach by controlling oxidizing atmosphere of reaction with hydrogen peroxide to prepare ultrafine VO2(M) nanoparticles free from annealing. Hydrogen peroxide is separated from precursor solution in a reactor, which creates a moderate oxygenation environment, enabling the formation of stoichiometric VO2(M) nanoparticles. The obtained VO2(M) nanoparticles are well-dispersed, highly uniform, and single-phase, with an average particle size ∼30 nm. The flexible thermochromic films fabricated with the VO2(M) nanoparticles exhibit excellent thermochromic performance with a solar modulation efficiency of 12.34% and luminous transmittance of 54.26%. While the films prepared with annealed nanoparticles show reduced transmittance due to light scattering of the large size particles resulting from agglomeration and growth during annealing. This work demonstrates a promising technique to realize moderate oxidizing atmosphere by hydrothermal process for preparing well-dispersed stoichiometric nano-oxides.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Power outage accidents will cause huge economic loss to the social economy. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the economic loss of power outages. By summarizing the existing literature, ...this paper summarizes the economic impact caused by blackouts, and then it introduces the influence factors that cause the outage loss. Finally, the assessment methods to evaluate direct and indirect economic loss are summarized. Through the summary, it is found that there are many researches on direct economic loss of power outages, but there are few studies on the indirect economic loss of power outages. Finally, the application prospect of the power loss assessment methods is prospected.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Recently, experimental results have demonstrated that perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (p-MTJ) with the antiferromagnetic(AFM)/ferromagnetic (FM)/oxide structure can achieve field-free ...spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching since the AFM metal strip can not only generate the SOT, but also provide an exchange bias (HEX), making it suitable for practical applications. However, owing to that the HEX is weak, such field-free SOT switching is incomplete, thus resulting in severe switching reliability. In addition, a large SOT switching current (ISOT) is also required, leading to high switching energy dissipation. In this paper, to address these issues, the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) is introduced to assist the SOT switching, and such novel switching method is referred as voltage-gated SOT (VGSOT). First, we develop a physics-based compact model for the three-terminal VGSOT-MTJ device, which includes three modules, i.e., the electrical module, the tunnel magnetoresistance module and the dynamic switching module. Then, the impact of the VCMA effect on the field-free SOT switching is investigated by solving a modified Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation with consideration of the VCMA, SOT and HEX. Simulation results show that thanks to the introduction of the VCMA effect, the critical ISOT can be reduced greatly, and the incomplete field-free SOT switching can be completed. With further analysis, we obtain a special switching condition, under which complete SOT field-free switching can be achieved with a shortest path and ultra-low power. Moreover, a novel write pulse scheme is proposed to achieve high speed and reliability.
The instability and high resistance of metallic Na/solid-state electrolyte (especially oxide-based electrolyte) interface are still challenges for all-solid-state sodium batteries. Herein, we propose ...a grain-boundary engineering strategy to stabilize the Na/Na3Zr2Si2PO12 interface and improve the capability of sodium ion transfer at the interface. The chemical composition at the grain boundary of Na3Zr2Si2PO12 is mediated via the addition of sintering additive Na2B4O7 to facilitate the densification sintering at relatively low temperature and boost sodium ion migration across the grain boundary. Na3Zr2Si2PO12-10 wt% Na2B4O7 demonstrates an optimized conductivity of 1.72 mS cm−1 at room temperature and the corresponding symmetric sodium cells exhibit ultra-stable sodium plating/stripping cycling under a current density of 0.3 mA cm−2 for over 2500 h at room temperature. Analysis reveals that a kinetically stable interphase forms between electrolyte and metallic Na, reducing the interfacial resistance from 90 Ω cm2 for Na3Zr2Si2PO12 to 36 Ω cm2 for Na3Zr2Si2PO12-10 wt% Na2B4O7. Cycling at stepwise changing temperature reconfirms the super stability of Na/Na3Zr2Si2PO12-10 wt% Na2B4O7 interface. All solid-state batteries based on the Na3Zr2Si2PO12-10 wt% Na2B4O7 demonstrates excellent cycling performance for over 200 cycles with limited capacity degradation. Our findings here open up a fertile avenue of exploration for all-solid-state sodium batteries utilizing NASICON-type electrolytes.
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We put forward a grain boundary engineering strategy to regulate the grain boundary composition of Na3Zr2Si2PO12 ceramic electrolytes and enhance the compatibility between metallic Na anode and Na3Zr2Si2PO12. All solid-state sodium batteries based on the engineered electrolyte demonstrate superior cycling stability for over 200 cycles with limited capacity degradation.
•We put forward a grain boundary engineering strategy to regulate grain boundary composition of electrolyte.•A kinetically stable interphase was formed between Na and ceramic electrolyte.•All solid-state sodium metal batteries are constructed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Pin1 is the only known peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) that can specifically recognize and isomerize the phosphorylated Serine/Threonine-Proline (pSer/Thr-Pro) motif, change the ...conformation of proteins through protein phosphorylation, thus regulate various cellular processes in the body. Pin1 plays an important role in cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and autoimmune diseases. However, the specific mechanism of Pin1 regulation in LPS-induced septic shock is unclear. Here, we found that lack of Pin1 reduced shock mortality and organ damage in mice, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation also was reduced in this process. We further confirmed that Pin1 can affect the expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase1, and this process can be regulated through the p38 MAPK pathway. We analyzed that p38 MAPK signaling pathway was highly expressed in septic shock and showed a positive correlation with Pin1 in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We found that Pin1 could affect the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, have no obvious difference in extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and Jun-amino-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. We further found that Pin1 and p-p38 MAPK interacted, but not directly. In addition, Pin1 deficiency inhibited the cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD) and promoted the death of macrophages with LPS treatment, and reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and IL-18. In general, our results suggest that Pin1 regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome activation by p38 MAPK signaling pathway in macrophages. Thus, Pin1 may be a potential target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as septic shock.
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