DNA barcoding based on a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in the mitochondrial genome is widely applied in species identification and biodiversity studies. The aim of this ...study was to establish a comprehensive barcoding reference database of fishes in the Taiwan Strait and evaluate the applicability of using the COI gene for the identification of fish at the species level. A total of 284 mitochondrial COI barcode sequences were obtained from 85 genera, 38 families and 12 orders of fishes. The mean length of the sequences was 655 base pairs. The average Kimura two parameter (K2P) distances within species, genera, families, orders and classes were 0.21%, 6.50%, 23.70% and 25.60%, respectively. The mean interspecific distance was 31-fold higher than the mean intraspecific distance. The K2P neighbor-joining trees based on the sequence generally clustered species in accordance with their taxonomic classifications. High efficiency of species identification was demonstrated in the present study by DNA barcoding, and we conclude that COI sequencing can be used to identify fish species.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Steady-state flow methods are widely applied in the laboratory where permeability evolution is typically evaluated assuming a uniform pressure gradient along the sample. The accuracy of this approach ...is questionable for tight geomaterials when gas is used as the injecting fluid, due to: (i) the nonlinear distribution of pore pressure and gradient along the sample, suggesting that (ii) both slip and viscous flow may occur concurrently within samples containing nano-pores. The following presents laboratory permeability measurements integrated with numerical analysis to investigate the evolution of coal permeability under different flow regimes. Measured coal permeability first decreases and then rebounds as gas injection pressure is reduced, indicating the transition in flow regime from viscous to slip dominant. Numerical results chart the nonlinear distribution of pore pressure along the sample and the spatial transition of flow regimes determined by controlling the magnitude of the injection pressure. When injection pressure is below the threshold for slip flow, then slip flow dominates throughout the entire coal sample and apparent permeability increases significantly along the gas flow direction. The relative contribution of the slip flow to total flow increases with the reduction in pore pressure, increasing from 0.02 to 0.18 for the tested sample. Results also show that the conventional method of plotting apparent permeability against the mean experimental pressure always gives a greater permeability than the two alternate methods proposed in this work, and the discrepancy increases with increasing injection pressures (up to 7.66% when pore pressure = 6 MPa). Uncertainty analysis is strongly recommended when measuring permeability of tight rocks using this experimental method.
•Viscous flow and slip flow regimes may occur concurrently within a sample with the outlet pressure is atmospheric.•The permeability for both viscous and slip regimes of the tested sample is equivalent with the measured permeability.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Advanced oxidation processes have been broadly applied in wastewater treatment, but few studies have focused on its degradative effect on refractory organic contaminants in membrane concentrates of ...landfill leachate. In this study, the treatment effects of advanced oxidation processes including electrocoagulation (EC), ozone (OZ), anodic oxidation (AO) and electro-Fenton (EF) incorporated with genetically engineered nitrifying bacteria Rhodococcus erythropolis expressing Nirs and AMO (rRho-NM) on nanofiltration concentrate (NFC) of old landfill leachate were investigated in a lab-scale experiment. The results showed that advanced oxidation processes degraded the refractory organic contaminants including coagulation-resistant substances (CRS), humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FvA), macro molecular organics (MMOs) and benzene ring compounds (BRCs) and increased the biodegradability in NFC of old landfill leachate. Compared to activated sludge (AS), rRho-NM exhibited an excellent removal performance for total organic carbon (TOC), ammonia nitrogen (NH4–N), total nitrogen (TN), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) for advanced oxidation processes-treated NFC of old landfill leachate. Advanced oxidation processes incorporated with bioaugmentation demonstrated an outstanding degradation performance for removing refractory organic contaminants, TOC, NH4–N, TN, BOD, COD and heavy metal in NFC of old landfill leachate. In addition, OZ incorporated with rRho-NM (OZ-rRho-NM) showed the optimal removal efficacy in reduction of refractory organic contaminants, TOC, NH4–N, TN, BOD and COD, the shortest hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the minimum energy consumption in NFC of landfill leachate. Furthermore, the cheapest treatment cost for NFC could be achieved by EC incorporated with rRho-NM (EC-rRho-NM). More impressively, rRho-NM remained stable in expressing Nirs and AMO genes, increased nitrification and denitrification rate, and improved MBR effluent quality in the treatment of NFC. In conclusion, this work provides new insights into the application of advanced oxidation processes incorporated with bioaugmentation using rRho-NM for the treatment of NFC of old landfill leachate.
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•Advanced oxidation processes degraded refractory organic contaminants in the NFC.•The rRho-NM improves nitrogen and organic contaminant removal in the NFC.•Ozone advanced oxidation-rRho-NM degraded the contaminants in the NFC.•Ozone advanced oxidation-rRho-NM is the best method for the treatment of NFC.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The consequences of hydrous basaltic melts and peridotite interaction were examined experimentally in Au–Pd, Pt, and graphite capsules using the reaction couple method. Reactions between a hydrous ...basaltic andesite (4 wt% H
2
O) and dunite or lherzolite in an Au–Pd capsule at 1 GPa and 1200 °C produce a melt-bearing orthopyroxenite–dunite sequence. Reactions between a hydrous ferro-basalt and lherzolite in Pt or Au–Pd capsules at 0.8–2 GPa and 1250–1385 °C produce a melt-bearing orthopyroxenite–harzburgite sequence. Reactions between the ferro-basalt and lherzolite in graphite capsules (not designed to retain water) result in a melt-bearing dunite–harzburgite sequence at 1 GPa and a melt-bearing harzburgite–lherzolite sequence at 2 GPa. The orthopyroxenite from the hydrous reaction experiments has a high porosity, and it is separated by a sharp lithological interface from the dunite or harzburgite. Orthopyroxenes in the orthopyroxenite are large in size with resorbed olivine inclusions. Formation of the high-porosity orthopyroxenite in the hydrous melt–rock reaction experiments is determined by the liquidus phase relation of the interface reacting melt and reaction kinetics. Reaction between orthopyroxene-saturated hydrous melt and olivine at melt–rock interface produces orthopyroxenite. Water infiltration induces hydrous melting of the lherzolite, producing a dunite or an orthopyroxene-depleted harzburgite. Efficient diffusive exchange between the partial melt and the hydrous reacting melt promotes orthopyroxene-oversaturation around the melt–rock interfacial region. The simplified experiments reveal end-member processes for understanding the formation of orthopyroxenite in the upper mantle. The presence of orthopyroxenites in mantle samples is a strong indication of hydrous melt and peridotite interaction.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Interaction between eclogite-derived melt and peridotite has played an important role in modifying the cratonic lithospheric mantle and generation of high-Mg igneous rocks. To better understand the ...effect of peridotite physical state on melt-peridotite interaction, we conducted reaction experiments of lherzolite with two basaltic andesites and a ferro-basalt at temperatures of 1300 °C, 1375 °C, and 1425 °C and a pressure of 2 GPa using the reaction couple method. At 1300 °C, when lherzolite is subsolidus, its dissolution rate is slow, and it is mineralogically and texturally unchanged. Garnet and clinopyroxene precipitate at the melt-rock interface. The low-temperature reaction enriches the melt with SiO2 and Na2O, and depletes the melt with Al2O3, FeO, and CaO. At 1375 °C and 1425 °C, when the lherzolite is partially molten, the dissolution and re-equilibration rates are fast due to grain-scale process that involves dissolution, precipitation, and reprecipitation. Dissolution of olivine and precipitation of orthopyroxene produce a melt-bearing orthopyroxene-rich lithology at the melt-rock interface followed by a melt-bearing harzburgite and a melt-bearing lherzolite. The lithology near the interface can be an orthopyroxene-rich harzburgite or an orthopyroxenite depending on the reacting melt composition. The high-temperature reaction produces melt with increased MgO, FeO, CaO, and Mg#, and decreased SiO2, Al2O3, and Na2O. The dissolution rate obtained from the experiments is used to assess the survival of mantle xenoliths in the early Cretaceous high-Mg diorites. Combined with field observations from mantle samples, the experimental results provide insight into the style of eclogite-derived melt and peridotite interaction in the lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton. At the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, the reaction is dominated by the high-temperature regime, which produces orthopyroxene-rich lithologies such as orthopyroxene-rich harzburgite and orthopyroxenite-veined peridotite. Above the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary where peridotite is subsolidus, the reaction is characterized by the low-temperature regime, which produces garnet-bearing or garnet-rich lithologies such as garnet pyroxenite, garnetite, and high-Mg granulite. Interactions between eclogite-derived melts and peridotite in the two regimes are responsible for the geochemical features of the early Cretaceous high-Mg igneous rocks from the North China Craton.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Reaction between mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and crystal mush in the lower oceanic crust has been invoked to explain chemical variations of both MORB and minerals in the lower oceanic crust. ...Nonetheless, such reactions have been little studied experimentally. We conducted experiments to investigate the mechanisms and chemical consequences of melt‐mush interaction by reacting molten MORB with troctolite at 0.5 GPa. Isothermal experiments demonstrate that melt infiltrates into troctolite with dissolution of plagioclase and olivine. The reacted melts have higher MgO and Al2O3 and lower TiO2 and Na2O contents and crystallize more primitive olivine and plagioclase compared to those crystallized from the unreacted melts, suggesting melt‐mush reaction could result in the formation of high‐Al basalt. The melt compositional variations induced by reaction also significantly affect the calculated pressures for MORB fractionation, indicating that major element‐based barometers for MORB fractionation can only be used reliably if reaction can be ruled out. After reaction, the troctolite contains olivine with plagioclase inclusions and poikilitic clinopyroxene with partially resorbed olivine and plagioclase chadacrysts, indicating that melt‐mush interaction occurs through dissolution‐reprecipitation mechanisms. Clinopyroxene has high Mg# (>83) and elevated Na2O and TiO2 contents, and olivine has different Fo versus Ni correlations from fractional crystallization models, which provide testable parameters for the effect of melt‐mush reaction in the rock record. By comparison with samples from lower oceanic crust and layered intrusions, we propose that melt‐mush reaction plays an important role during magma transport in the crystal mush in both oceanic and continental magma systems.
Plain Language Summary
Magmas erupted at mid‐ocean ridges represent the largest volcanic output from the Earth's interior and have long been recognized as a probe to mantle composition and melting history. During its ascent from the mantle, magma crystallizes minerals in crustal magma reservoirs. Although crystallization modifies magma compositions, this process is well‐understood and can therefore be corrected for. However, when crystallization proceeds, a network of interconnected minerals forms with small amounts of magma between them. Recent studies show that magma compositions might also be modified by reaction with minerals in this so‐called crystal mush. Our study, for the first time, performed experiments to explore how such reactions work and how they change the compositions of both magma and minerals. The results show that during reaction, magma can dissolve some minerals and crystallize others, which changes the magma compositions. Such variations in magma compositions challenge our understanding on the histories and depth of magma crystallization derived from them and eventually affect our understanding of mantle composition. We also found that minerals in the mush carry distinct chemical signatures after reaction, which can be used as tracers for melt‐mush reaction in nature. Comparison with natural mineral data suggests that such reaction is common in magma systems.
Key Points
Melt‐mush reactions proceed through diffusion‐assisted dissolution and reprecipitation
Reaction significantly shifts melt major element compositions, indicating it can limit the application of major‐element barometers for MORB
Clinopyroxene Mg#‐Na‐Ti and olivine Fo‐Ni relationships in cumulates provide tracers for melt‐mush reaction in nature
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) effectively treat lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) with fewer side effects. However, for LUAD patients, the lack of predictive markers for ICIs makes their clinical ...benefits less than ideal. Despite reports suggesting that a TTN (titin) mutation plays an important role in immunotherapy of solid tumors and gastric cancer, the relationship between the TTN mutation and LUAD immunotherapy has not been determined. We collected a LUAD cohort with whole-exome sequencing (WES) and immunotherapy prognosis. The ICI cohort was used to explore the relationship between TTN mutation status and prognosis. Then, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LUAD and Chen-LUAD cohorts were downloaded from the cbioportal website. We also used CIBERSORT, gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) to evaluate the proportion of immune cells and the degree of pathway activation in LUAD patients, respectively. DDR signaling pathways obtained from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and NAL were used to evaluate the immunogenicity of LUAD patients. In the ICI cohort, TTN-mutant (TTN-MT) had significantly longer overall survival (OS) than TTN-wildtype (TTN-WT) (P = 0.009). Univariate and multivariate COX models showed that TTN mutation status can independently predict immunotherapy prognosis. Notably, the results of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) analysis showed that TTN-MT patients had inflammatory TIME, which showed enriched activated immune cells and higher immune scores. Immunogenicity analysis showed higher immunogenicity in TTN-MT patients, which indicated high levels of gene mutations in TMB, NAL, and DDR pathways. GSEA and ssGSEA results showed that TTN-MT was substantially enriched in chemokine secretion, inflammatory factor secretion, and antigen presentation. Some pathways related to immunosuppression and immune depletion were significantly downregulated. TTN-MT is associated with significantly prolonged OS in LUAD patients. Additionally, TTN-MT is related to high immunogenicity and inflammatory TIME, suggesting that TTN-MT may be a potential predictive marker for patients with LUAD to accept ICIs.
To better constrain the mechanisms of interactions between different types of melts and mantle peridotites in the upper mantle of the big mantle wedge, we studied petrology, mineral chemistry, and ...temperatures recorded by major element and rare earth element (REE) for mantle xenoliths from the Wangqing area in the eastern part of northeastern China, and compared these data with those for xenoliths from the adjacent Jiaohe and Shuangliao areas. The Wangqing xenoliths, including olivine clinopyroxenite, wehrlite, orthopyroxenite, and websterite, generally contain clinopyroxene that is surrounding or replacing olivine. Mineral compositions of the xenoliths from northeastern China vary along melt–peridotite reaction trends, where the Wangqing xenoliths have lower mineral Mg#’s (77–85 in olivine and 81–87 in clinopyroxene) than the Jiaohe and Shuangliao peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths. In addition, clinopyroxenes in the Wangqing samples have moderately elevated rare earth element contents and (La/Yb)N and 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7035–0.7046), within the range of those for clinopyroxenes in the Jiaohe and Shuangliao samples. The REE temperatures of the Wangqing samples (1024–1253 °C) are higher than those of the Jiaohe and Shuangliao samples (844–1120 °C). Based on the differences in mineral chemistry and temperature, we conclude that the Jiaohe and Shuangliao peridotites and pyroxenites were mainly derived from lithospheric mantle accreted from carbonated regions of the asthenosphere, whereas the Wangqing wehrlites and pyroxenites were formed by reaction of lithospheric mantle peridotites with hot carbonated silicate melts. These results provide evidence for two different types interactions between of carbonate-related melts and mantle peridotite, which are important for understanding the chemical evolution of the upper mantle in the big mantle wedge of northeastern Asia.
•Pyroxenite and wehrlite can be formed by two types of melt-peridotite reaction in the upper mantle.•REE temperature and mineral chemistry of xenolith reveal reaction mechanisms.•Accretion of carbonated asthenosphere yields low temperature and high mineral Mg#.•Silicate metasomatism in lithosphere yields high temperature and low mineral Mg#.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Using vis/NIR spectra to assess the effect of simulated transport vibration on tissue damage of tomato fruit.
•Excessive vibration can cause damage in tomatoes.•Vis/NIR spectroscopy has the ...capability to predict tomato damage resulting from vibration.•SNV–DT preprocessing method increased the recognition ability of a spectral model.•Spectra at 600–1600nm was the best detection region in this study.•The optimal model was obtained with least squares support vector machine.
Visible and near infrared (vis/NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics were investigated to evaluate the effects of simulated transport vibration levels on damage of tomato fruit. A total of 280 tomato samples were randomly divided into 5 groups; each group was subjected to vibration at different acceleration levels. A total of 230 samples (46 from each group) were selected as a calibration set; whereas 50 samples (10 from each group) were selected as a prediction set. Raw spectra, differentiation (the first derivative) spectra, extended multiplicative scatter correction (EMSC) processed spectra and standard normal variant combined with detrending (SNV–DT) processed spectra were used for calibration models. SNV–DT processed spectra had the best performance using for partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The PLS analysis was implemented to calibrate models with different wavelength bands including visible, short-wave near infrared (SWNIR) and long-wave near infrared (LWNIR) regions. The best PLS model was obtained in the vis/NIR (600–1600nm) region. Using a grid search technique and radial basis function (RBF) kernel, four least squares support vector machine (LS–SVM) models with different latent variables (7, 8, 9, and 10 LVs) were compared. The optimal model was obtained with 9 LVs and the correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and bias for the best prediction by LS–SVM were 0.984, 0.137 and 0.003, respectively. The results showed that vis/NIR spectroscopy could be applied as a reliable and rapid method for predicting the effect of vibration levels on tissue damage of tomato fruit.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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