Silicon (Si) has been attracting extensive attention for rechargeable lithium (Li)‐ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low potential vs Li/Li+. However, it remains challenging and ...problematic to stabilize the Si materials during electrochemical cycling because of the huge volume expansion, which results in losing electric contact and pulverization of Si particles. Consequently, the Si anode materials generally suffer from poor cycling, poor rate performance, and low coulomb efficiency, preventing them from practical applications. Up‐to‐date, there are numerous reports on the engineering of Si anode materials at microscale and nanoscale with significantly improved electrochemical performances. In this review, we will concentrate on various precisely designed protective layers for silicon‐based materials, including carbon layers, inorganic layers, and conductive polymer protective layer. First, we briefly introduced the alloying and failure mechanism of Si as anode materials upon electrochemical reactions. Following that, representative cases have been introduced and summarized to illustrate the purpose and advancement of protective coating layers, for instance, to alleviate pulverization and improve conductivity caused by volume expansion of Si particles during charge/discharge process, and maintain the surface stability of Si particles to form a stable solid‐electrolyte interphase layer. At last, possible strategies on the protective coating layer for stabilizing silicon anode materials that can be applied in the future have been indicated.
Silicon anode materials, attracting extensive attention for rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, generally suffer from poor cycling, poor rate performance, and low coulomb efficiency. We review on recent progress in the engineering of protective coating layers, including carbon, inorganic, and conductive polymer protective layers, for stabilizing silicon anode and improving electrochemical performance.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Subcellular viscosity is essential for cell functions and may indicate its physiological status. We screen two fluorescent probes by engineering tetraphenylethene (TPE) for measuring viscosity in ...mitochondria and lysosomes, respectively. These two probes are only weakly emissive in nonviscous medium and the emission signals are greatly enhanced in viscous medium due to the restriction of intramolecular motion. The presence of pyridium has endowed one probe with mitochondrial specificity, while the presence of indole ring has granted the other probe with lysosome-targeting ability. Their optical properties are characterized in vitro and their applications in imaging viscosity variations in mitochondria and lysosomes are also demonstrated in living cells under different stimulated processes. In addition, an increase in both mitochondrial and lysosomal viscosity during mitophagy was revealed for the first time with our probes. To our knowledge, this is the first time that TPE is engineered to be fluorescent molecular viscosimeters that possess desirable aqueous solubility, red-shifted emission, and organelle specificity.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
The present study was designed to detect possible biomarkers associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) incidence in an effort to develop novel treatments for this condition. Three mRNA ...expression datasets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between T1DM patients and healthy controls were identified by Limma package in R, and using the DEGs to conduct GO and DO pathway enrichment. The LASSO—SVM were used to screen the hub genes. We performed immune correlation analysis of hub genes and established a T1DM prognosis model. CIBERSORT algorithm was used to identify the different immune cells in distribution between T1DM and normal samples. The correlation of the hub genes and immune cells was analyzed by Spearman. ROC curves were used to assess the diagnostic value of genes in T1DM. A total of 60 immune related DEGs were obtained from the T1DM and normal samples. Then, DEGs were further screened to obtain 3 hub genes, ANP32A-IT1, ESCO2 and NBPF1. CIBERSORT analysis revealed the percentage of immune cells in each sample, indicating that there was significant difference in monocytes, T cells CD8+, gamma delta T cells, naive CD4+ T cells and activated memory CD4+ T cells between T1DM and normal samples. The area under curve (AUC) of ESCO2, ANP32A-IT1 and NBPF1 were all greater than 0.8, indicating that these three genes have high diagnostic value for T1DM. Together, the findings of these bioinformatics analyses thus identified key hub genes associated with T1DM development.
We demonstrate ionic liquid (IL) gating of suspended few-layer MoS2 transistors, where ions can accumulate on both exposed surfaces. Upon application of IL, all free-standing samples consistently ...display more significant improvement in conductance than substrate-supported devices. The measured IL gate coupling efficiency is up to 4.6 × 1013 cm–2 V–1. Electrical transport data reveal contact-dominated electrical transport properties and the Schottky emission as the underlying mechanism. By modulating IL gate voltage, the suspended MoS2 devices display metal–insulator transition. Our results demonstrate that more efficient charge induction can be achieved in suspended two-dimensional (2D) materials, which with further optimization, may enable extremely high charge density and novel phase transition.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
In order to achieve rapid bridge construction, on-site wet joint joining techniques for prefabricated bridge decks are commonly used. The primary method involves mainly lap welding, but this form ...poses some drawbacks such as difficult lap jointing of two steel bars and a hefty welding workload. To address these issues, this study conducts model experiments on the unwelded structure of loop joints. We compare and analyze the displacement, crack distribution, crack development process, and strain variability of loop joints across three different overlap lengths, along with one type of straight bar lap-welded wet joints. It is observed that, despite the comparable ultimate tensile capacity of loop joints with the main rib to that of the welded wet joint with the main rib, the failure mode varies, and the crack direction changes with the overlap length. From a structural stress perspective, if the U-bar of the loop joint meets a specific overlap length, the wet joint adequately fulfills stress requirements and can be applied in practical engineering.
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•SNHG5 was aberrantly overexpressed in AML samples compared to controls.•SNHG5 promoted chemotherapy resistance in AML.•SNHG5 regulated chemotherapy resistance via miR-32/DNAJB9 axis ...in AML.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a common hematopoietic malignancy with invasive activity. Drug resistance greatly contributes to the poor efficacy of chemotherapy in AML treatment. Recent research indicates that long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) regulates chemotherapy resistance in malignancy.
Microarray analysis was used to screen out AML related genes, and interaction between small nucleolar RNA host gene 5(SNHG5) and miR-32, as well as that between miR-32 and DNAJB9. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and In situ hybridization(ISH) were used to determine the expression levels of SNHG5, miR-32 and DNAJB9 mRNA in AML cell lines and clinic samples. Western blot was performed to detect protein expression levels. After being treated with varying concentrations of Adriamycin(ADM), cell viability was evaluated using a cell counting kit-8(CCK8).
We carried out a genome-wide LncRNA expression study and found SNHG5 aberrantly overexpressed in AML comparing to the donors. Knock-down of SNHG5 promoted sensitivity of AML cells to chemotherapy. In addition, miR-32 was identified as the downstream target of SNHG5 and miR-32 inhibitor abrogated the inhibiting effects of downregulated SNHG5 on AML cell viability. Furthermore, inhibited SNHG5 decreased DNAJB9 expression levels by sponging miR-32. The SNHG5/miR-32/DNAJB9 axis targeted autophagy to regulate chemotherapy resistance.
SHNG5 regulates chemotherapy resistance by targeting the miR-32/DNAJB9 axis in acute myeloid leukemia, which provided a novel potential target for AML and revealed an important mechanism of chemotherapy resistance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Imaging changes in molecular geometries on their natural femtosecond timescale with sub-Angström spatial precision is one of the critical challenges in the chemical sciences, as the nuclear geometry ...changes determine the molecular reactivity. For photoexcited molecules, the nuclear dynamics determine the photoenergy conversion path and efficiency. Here we report a gas-phase electron diffraction experiment using megaelectronvolt (MeV) electrons, where we captured the rotational wavepacket dynamics of nonadiabatically laser-aligned nitrogen molecules. We achieved a combination of 100 fs root-mean-squared temporal resolution and sub-Angstrom (0.76 Å) spatial resolution that makes it possible to resolve the position of the nuclei within the molecule. In addition, the diffraction patterns reveal the angular distribution of the molecules, which changes from prolate (aligned) to oblate (anti-aligned) in 300 fs. Our results demonstrate a significant and promising step towards making atomically resolved movies of molecular reactions.
Abstract
Ca
2+
signaling is altered substantially in many cancers. The ryanodine receptors (RYRs) are among the key ion channels in Ca
2+
signaling. This study aimed to establish the mutational ...profile of RYR in cancers and investigate the correlation between RYR alterations and cancer phenotypes. The somatic mutation and clinical data of 11,000 cancer patients across 33 cancer types was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Subsequent data processing was performed with corresponding packages of the R software. Mutational profile was analyzed and its correlation with tumor mutational burden (TMB), patient prognosis, age and smoking status was analyzed and compared. All three RYR isoforms exhibited random mutational distribution without hotspot mutations when all cancers were analyzed together. The number of mutations in RYR2 (2388 mutations) far overweight that of RYR1 (1439 mutations) and RYR3 (1573 mutations). Linear correlation was observed between cumulative TMB and cumulative number of mutations for all RYR isoforms. Patients with RYR mutations exhibited significantly higher TMB than those without RYR mutations for most cancer types. Strong correlation was also revealed in the average number of mutations per person between pairs of RYR isoforms. No stratification of patient overall survival (OS) by mutational status was found for all three RYR isoforms when all cancers were analyzed together, however, significant stratification of OS by RYR mutations was revealed in several individual cancers, most strikingly in LUAD (P = 0.0067, RYR1), BLCA (P = 0.00071, RYR2), LUSC (P = 0.036, RYR2) and KIRC (P = 0.0042, RYR3). Furthermore, RYR mutations were correlated with higher age, higher smoking history grading and higher number of pack years. Characteristic mutation profile of RYRs in cancers has been revealed for the first time. RYR mutations were correlated with TMB, age, smoking status and capable of stratifying the prognosis of patients in several cancer types.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play essential roles in transcription regulation and are valuable theranostic targets. However, there are no activatable fluorescent probes for imaging of HDAC activity ...in live cells. Here, we develop for the first time a novel activatable two-photon fluorescence probe that enables in situ imaging of HDAC activity in living cells and tissues. The probe is designed by conjugating an acetyl-lysine mimic substrate to a masked aldehyde-containing fluorophore via a cyanoester linker. Upon deacetylation by HDAC, the probe undergoes a rapid self-immolative intramolecular cyclization reaction, producing a cyanohydrin intermediate that is spontaneously rapidly decomposed into the highly fluorescent aldehyde-containing two-photon fluorophore. The probe is shown to exhibit high sensitivity, high specificity, and fast response for HDAC detection in vitro. Imaging studies reveal that the probe is able to directly visualize and monitor HDAC activity in living cells. Moreover, the probe is demonstrated to have the capability of two-photon imaging of HDAC activity in deep tissue slices up to 130 μm. This activatable fluorescent probe affords a useful tool for evaluating HDAC activity and screening HDAC-targeting drugs in both live cell and tissue assays.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Formaldehyde (FA), as a reactive carbonyl species, is endogenously generated in various biological processes. Abnormal levels of FA could lead to various cellular dysfunction and pathological ...conditions. Here, we develop a new activatable fluorescent probe for highly selective visualization of FA in living cells. Our probe (Naph-1) is designed using a naphthalene derivative as the fluorophore and hydrazone as a recognition site for FA. Naph-1 is essentially nonemissive. After reacting with FA, the amine moiety is converted into a Schiff base with electron-withdrawing ability and the fluorescence is simultaneously turned on due to synergetic intramolecular charge transfer and favoured excited state intramolecular proton transfer effects. Naph-1 exhibits a large Stokes shift upon reaction with FA. Furthermore, it possesses high selectivity and superior sensitivity toward FA with an estimated limit of detection of 0.35 μM. Moreover, Naph-1 is also successfully applied to image both endogenous and exogenous formaldehyde in living cells. These features demonstrate that Naph-1 holds great potential in the detection and imaging of formaldehyde in biological systems.
An intramolecular charge transfer and excited state intramolecular proton transfer based fluorescent probe was developed for highly selective detection of FA.
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