Computer simulation for buildings has become affordable and possible in both research and industry during the last decades with rapid progress of computer industry as well as fundamental advancement ...of computational techniques. This paper provides an overview of such advancements achieved between 1987 and 2014, during which Professor Branko Todorovich served as Editor in Chief of Energy and Buildings Journal. The review, however, was not restricted to this journal only, in order to provide a fair snapshot on overall technique advances. Simulation and computational techniques cover a variety of aspects of building. This paper focuses specifically on six different topics including ventilation performance prediction, whole building energy and thermal load simulation, lighting and daylighting modeling, building information modeling, indoor acoustic simulation, and life cycle analysis of buildings. Major advances in each area are highlighted, as well as the trends for development and application.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Thermal rectification is a fundamental phenomenon for active heat flow control. Significant thermal rectification is expected to exist in the asymmetric nanostructures, such as nanowires and thin ...films. As a one-atom-thick membrane, graphene has attracted much attention for realizing thermal rectification as shown by many molecular dynamics simulations. Here, we experimentally demonstrate thermal rectification in various asymmetric monolayer graphene nanostructures. A large thermal rectification factor of 26% is achieved in a defect-engineered monolayer graphene with nanopores on one side. A thermal rectification factor of 10% is achieved in a pristine monolayer graphene with nanoparticles deposited on one side or with a tapered width. The results indicate that the monolayer graphene has great potential to be used for designing high-performance thermal rectifiers for heat flow control and energy harvesting.
All-solid-state lithium-based batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes are considered a viable option for electrochemical energy storage applications. However, the application of lithium metal is ...hindered by issues associated with the growth of mossy and dendritic Li morphologies upon prolonged cell cycling and undesired reactions at the electrode/solid electrolyte interface. In this context, alloy materials such as lithium-indium (Li-In) alloys are widely used at the laboratory scale because of their (electro)chemical stability, although no in-depth investigations on their morphological stability have been reported yet. In this work, we report the growth of Li-In dendritic structures when the alloy material is used in combination with a Li
PS
Cl solid electrolyte and Li(Ni
Co
Mn
)O
positive electrode active material and cycled at high currents (e.g., 3.8 mA cm
) and high cathode loading (e.g., 4 mAh cm
). Via ex situ measurements and simulations, we demonstrate that the irregular growth of Li-In dendrites leads to cell short circuits after room-temperature long-term cycling. Furthermore, the difference between Li and Li-In dendrites is investigated and discussed to demonstrate the distinct type of dendrite morphology.
•Critically review the mechanisms of Raman spectrum response to temperatures and the conjugation of various physical and optical factors•Cover the steady-state Raman spectroscopy for temperature and ...thermal properties measurement and discuss the large error sources and ways to reducing them•Provide detailed discussion and review of the spatial resolution of Raman-based temperature measurement•Cover the frontier research on conjugated phonon and hot carrier transfer and how to use Raman spectroscopy to distinguish and characterize them•Critically review the time-domain, frequency domain, and energy transport domain Raman spectroscopies for thermal response and thermal properties characterization•Provide invaluable comments for future Raman development to further improve the accuracy, spatial resolution, and time resolution. Abstract
Raman-based thermal characterization is regarded as an invaluable tool in micro/nanoscale heat transfer research, offering exceptional contrast in conjunction with high specificity of noncontact and material specific temperature measurement compared with competing thermometry techniques at the micro/nanoscale. It has been extensively used to determine the thermophysical properties of micro/nanoscale materials. However, for commonly used steady state Raman methods, as two concluded main factors, the temperature coefficients of Raman properties and heating level (or optical absorption) will affect the accuracy of resulting temperature and thermal properties. In this review, we critically discuss the mechanism of Raman spectrum response to temperature and possible error factors in calibration and measurement. In addition, the influence of measurement setup is discussed, and possible technical solutions for improving the measurement accuracy are reviewed. Among noble developments in Raman-based thermal characterizations, the transient heat transfer analysis has been coupled to advances in noncontact Raman-based thermal measurement. By enhancing the temporal and spatial resolution in existing technical conditions, more efficient and accurate transient thermal properties measurement can be realized. Particular attention is paid to the so-called resolved Raman techniques for simultaneous measurement of multiple thermal properties at the micro/nanoscale. In particular, we critically review how these tools can reveal new insights into the complex energy transport processes in 2D semiconductors, which have been impossible to tackle using traditional tools. Considering its precision and sensitivity, there is still a large room for development of Raman techniques for the investigation of complex and coupled heat transfer process in low dimensions and new materials.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary Background China has undergone rapid demographic and epidemiological changes in the past few decades, including striking declines in fertility and child mortality and increases in life ...expectancy at birth. Popular discontent with the health system has led to major reforms. To help inform these reforms, we did a comprehensive assessment of disease burden in China, how it changed between 1990 and 2010, and how China's health burden compares with other nations. Methods We used results of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010) for 1990 and 2010 for China and 18 other countries in the G20 to assess rates and trends in mortality, causes of death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We present results for 231 diseases and injuries and for 67 risk factors or clusters of risk factors relevant to China. We assessed relative performance of China against G20 countries (significantly better, worse, or indistinguishable from the G20 mean) with age-standardised rates and 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings The leading causes of death in China in 2010 were stroke (1·7 million deaths, 95% UI 1·5–1·8 million), ischaemic heart disease (948 700 deaths, 774 500–1 024 600), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (934 000 deaths, 846 600–1 032 300). Age-standardised YLLs in China were lower in 2010 than all emerging economies in the G20, and only slightly higher than noted in the USA. China had the lowest age-standardised YLD rate in the G20 in 2010. China also ranked tenth (95% UI eighth to tenth) for HALE and 12th (11th to 13th) for life expectancy. YLLs from neonatal causes, infectious diseases, and injuries in children declined substantially between 1990 and 2010. Mental and behavioural disorders, substance use disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders were responsible for almost half of all YLDs. The fraction of DALYs from YLDs rose from 28·1% (95% UI 24·2–32·5) in 1990 to 39·4% (34·9–43·8) in 2010. Leading causes of DALYs in 2010 were cardiovascular diseases (stroke and ischaemic heart disease), cancers (lung and liver cancer), low back pain, and depression. Dietary risk factors, high blood pressure, and tobacco exposure are the risk factors that constituted the largest number of attributable DALYs in China. Ambient air pollution ranked fourth (third to fifth; the second highest in the G20) and household air pollution ranked fifth (fourth to sixth; the third highest in the G20) in terms of the age-standardised DALY rate in 2010. Interpretation The rapid rise of non-communicable diseases driven by urbanisation, rising incomes, and ageing poses major challenges for China's health system, as does a shift to chronic disability. Reduction of population exposures from poor diet, high blood pressure, tobacco use, cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose are public policy priorities for China, as are the control of ambient and household air pollution. These changes will require an integrated government response to improve primary care and undertake required multisectoral action to tackle key risks. Analyses of disease burden provide a useful framework to guide policy responses to the changing disease spectrum in China. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Public health is a priority for the Chinese Government. Evidence-based decision making for health at the province level in China, which is home to a fifth of the global population, is of paramount ...importance. This analysis uses data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to help inform decision making and monitor progress on health at the province level.
We used the methods in GBD 2017 to analyse health patterns in the 34 province-level administrative units in China from 1990 to 2017. We estimated all-cause and cause-specific mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), summary exposure values (SEVs), and attributable risk. We compared the observed results with expected values estimated based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).
Stroke and ischaemic heart disease were the leading causes of death and DALYs at the national level in China in 2017. Age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population decreased by 33·1% (95% uncertainty interval UI 29·8 to 37·4) for stroke and increased by 4·6% (–3·3 to 10·7) for ischaemic heart disease from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised stroke, ischaemic heart disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and liver cancer were the five leading causes of YLLs in 2017. Musculoskeletal disorders, mental health disorders, and sense organ diseases were the three leading causes of YLDs in 2017, and high systolic blood pressure, smoking, high-sodium diet, and ambient particulate matter pollution were among the leading four risk factors contributing to deaths and DALYs. All provinces had higher than expected DALYs per 100 000 population for liver cancer, with the observed to expected ratio ranging from 2·04 to 6·88. The all-cause age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population were lower than expected in all provinces in 2017, and among the top 20 level 3 causes were lower than expected for ischaemic heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, headache disorder, and low back pain. The largest percentage change at the national level in age-standardised SEVs among the top ten leading risk factors was in high body-mass index (185%, 95% UI 113·1 to 247·7), followed by ambient particulate matter pollution (88·5%, 66·4 to 116·4).
China has made substantial progress in reducing the burden of many diseases and disabilities. Strategies targeting chronic diseases, particularly in the elderly, should be prioritised in the expanding Chinese health-care system.
China National Key Research and Development Program and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
There has been increasing demand for materials with functional thermal properties, but traditional experiments and simulations are high-cost and time-consuming. The emerging discipline, materials ...informatics, is an effective approach that can accelerate materials development by combining material science and big data techniques. Recently, materials informatics has been successfully applied to designing thermal materials, such as thermal interface materials for heat-dissipation, thermoelectric materials for power generation, and so forth. This Mini Review summarizes the research progress associated with studies regarding the prediction and discovery of materials with desirable thermal transport properties by using materials informatics. On the basis of the review of past research, perspectives are discussed and future directions for studying functional thermal materials by materials informatics are given.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
•This is a review article dedicated to thermal rectification of two-dimensional materials, through which readers can comprehensively understand the physical mechanisms of thermal rectification and ...guide the future research direction in the related field.•All the possible experimental approaches to high-performance thermal rectifiers have been introduced and discussed in detail, which are helpful for researchers to design new devices.•In this article, the numerical values of thermal rectification obtained by various experiments, theoretical calculations and the corresponding materials are recorded in detail in tabular form, which is very convenient to consult for readers.
Thermal rectification is a phenomenon similar to electrical rectification, which can actively regulate the heat flow. It exhibits high thermal conductivity in one direction, thereby effectively promoting the heat dissipation of electronic devices and the low thermal conductivity in the other direction to isolate the temperature and heat flux-sensitive components. The thermal rectification at the nanoscale has attracted wider attention as the size of electronic devices continues to decrease. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have special crystals with one atom thickness; hence, they have special 2D phonon transport properties. Compared with one-dimensional materials, it is easier to process asymmetric structures in the plane of 2D materials, and the achieved thermal rectification effect is generally better. This work reviews the theoretical calculations and the experimental work related to the thermal rectification of 2D materials and discusses the physical mechanisms involved. Furthermore, this review reports on the level of thermal rectification in the experimental and theoretical studies found in the literature and suggests directions for future thermal rectification research based on these results. Lastly, this review points out the possible applications of thermal rectification in the fields of intelligent thermal management, novel thermal transistors, and energy harvesting at the nanoscale.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) summarises mortality and non-fatal outcomes in a single measure of average population health. It has been used to compare health between countries, ...or to measure changes over time. These comparisons can inform policy questions that depend on how morbidity changes as mortality decreases. We characterise current HALE and changes over the past two decades in 187 countries. Methods Using inputs from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2010, we assessed HALE for 1990 and 2010. We calculated HALE with life table methods, incorporating estimates of average health over each age interval. Inputs from GBD 2010 included age-specific information for mortality rates and prevalence of 1160 sequelae, and disability weights associated with 220 distinct health states relating to these sequelae. We computed estimates of average overall health for each age group, adjusting for comorbidity with a Monte Carlo simulation method to capture how multiple morbidities can combine in an individual. We incorporated these estimates in the life table by the Sullivan method to produce HALE estimates for each population defined by sex, country, and year. We estimated the contributions of changes in child mortality, adult mortality, and disability to overall change in population health between 1990 and 2010. Findings In 2010, global male HALE at birth was 59·0 years (uncertainty interval 57·3–60·6) and global female HALE at birth was 63·2 years (61·4–65·0). HALE increased more slowly than did life expectancy over the past 20 years, with each 1-year increase in life expectancy at birth associated with a 10-month increase in HALE. Across countries in 2010, male HALE at birth ranged from 27·8 years (17·2–36·5) in Haiti, to 70·6 years (68·6–72·2) in Japan. Female HALE at birth ranged from 37·1 years (26·8–43·8) in Haiti, to 75·5 years (73·3–77·3) in Japan. Between 1990 and 2010, male HALE increased by 5 years or more in 48 countries compared with 43 countries for female HALE, while male HALE decreased in 22 countries and 11 for female HALE. Between countries and over time, life expectancy was strongly and positively related to number of years lost to disability. This relation was consistent between sexes, in cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis, and when assessed at birth, or at age 50 years. Changes in disability had small effects on changes in HALE compared with changes in mortality. Interpretation HALE differs substantially between countries. As life expectancy has increased, the number of healthy years lost to disability has also increased in most countries, consistent with the expansion of morbidity hypothesis, which has implications for health planning and health-care expenditure. Compared with substantial progress in reduction of mortality over the past two decades, relatively little progress has been made in reduction of the overall effect of non-fatal disease and injury on population health. HALE is an attractive indicator for monitoring health post-2015. Funding The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Image data augmentation plays a crucial role in data augmentation (DA) by increasing the quantity and diversity of labeled training data. However, existing methods have limitations. Notably, ...techniques like image manipulation, erasing, and mixing can distort images, compromising data quality. Accurate representation of objects without confusion is a challenge in methods like auto augment and feature augmentation. Preserving fine details and spatial relationships also proves difficult in certain techniques, as seen in deep generative models. To address these limitations, we propose OFIDA, an object-focused image data augmentation algorithm. OFIDA implements one-to-many enhancements that not only preserve essential target regions but also elevate the authenticity of simulating real-world settings and data distributions. Specifically, OFIDA utilizes a graph-based structure and object detection to streamline augmentation. Specifically, by leveraging graph properties like connectivity and hierarchy, it captures object essence and context for improved comprehension in real-world scenarios. Then, we introduce DynamicFocusNet, a novel object detection algorithm built on the graph framework. DynamicFocusNet merges dynamic graph convolutions and attention mechanisms to flexibly adjust receptive fields. Finally, the detected target images are extracted to facilitate one-to-many data augmentation. Experimental results validate the superiority of our OFIDA method over state-of-the-art methods across six benchmark datasets.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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