Recently, the laboratory-scale power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) has reached 18% in single-junction devices due to a combination of the rapid development of novel ...light-harvesting/interfacial materials and device engineering. Thus, such materials show considerable application prospects in the near future. It is of great importance to develop economically achievable, highly efficient, thickness-tolerant photovoltaic materials and processing methods for the manufacture of large flexible solar panels. Research in this area has been conducted from the very early stages of the development of organic photovoltaic materials and has never stopped. Herein, we focus on the fundamental requirements of photoactive materials and the processing methods used for commercialization based on the recent advances of the booming PCEs, to provide guidelines for future material design and mass production. In this review, the progress toward high-performance materials is briefly summarized, and the essential requirements for large-area printing modules, such as thickness tolerance and cost issues, and the latest findings on non-fullerene OSCs are introduced. In particular, important advances in the material design and device optimization of thick-film OSCs have been discussed. Significant advances in the processing methods used to prepare efficient non-fullerene OSCs and the challenges for the industrialization of OSCs are presented. Furthermore, the prospects and opportunities in this emerging field of research are also discussed.
The key factors for OSC materials toward application mainly include high performance, thickness tolerance, low cost, simple fabrication processing, high stability, and an environmentally-friendly nature.
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•The nanostructured nitrogen-doped La2Ti2O7 was successfully synthesized.•The high degree of nitrogen doping was accomplished by the sophisticated synthesis.•The nanostructurization ...and the nitrogen-doping enhanced photocatalytic activity.•Triethanolamine played important roles in the synthesis of nitrogen-doped La2Ti2O7.•The particle size of La2Ti2O7 was much smaller than that of the conventional ones.
A series of N-doped La2Ti2O7 nanocrystal for photocatalytic NOx oxidation are successfully prepared by a two-steps process including hydrothermal reaction and heat treatment under NH3 flow. The effects of different nitrogen doping amounts on the structure, optical property and photocatalytic activity of the obtained N-doped La2Ti2O7 are investigated. The photocatalytic activity and stability of the N-doped La2Ti2O7 samples are evaluated through photocatalytic oxidation of NOx under UV and visible light irradiation. The nanosheet morphology of N-doped La2Ti2O7 is originated from La2Ti2O7 precursor synthesized by hydrothermal reaction. The addition of triethanolamine (TEA) in the hydrothermal reaction largely affects the morphology of La2Ti2O7 to form nanocrystal. The light absorption of La2Ti2O7 nanocrystal is cut off at 338 nm, while the N-doped La2Ti2O7 nanocrystals exhibit the extended light absorption up to 560 nm. It is found that the N doping into La2Ti2O7 enhances absorption in the visible light region to exhibit higher activity for photocatalytic oxidation of NO gas. The optimized N-doped La2Ti2O7 nanocrystal with 4.79 at% of nitrogen dopant possesses the best photocatalytic NOx oxidation activity under both ultraviolet and visible light irradiation compared with N-doped La2Ti2O7 samples obtained by hydrothermal reaction without TEA or flux synthesis of La2Ti2O7 and the subsequent treatment with NH3. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity should originate from simultaneous achievement of large specific surface area and strong visible light absorption due to the large amount of nitrogen dopants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) based on non-fused conjugated structures have more potential to realize low-cost organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. However, their power conversion efficiencies ...(PCEs) are much lower than those of the fused-ring NFAs. Herein, a new bithiophene-based non-fused core (TT-P
i
) featuring good planarity as well as large steric hindrance was designed, based on which a completely non-fused NFA, A4T-16, was developed. The single-crystal result of A4T-16 reveals that a three-dimensional interpenetrating network can be formed due to the compact π–π stacking between the adjacent end-capping groups. A high PCE of 15.2% is achieved based on PBDB-TF:A4T-16, which is the highest value for the cells based on the non-fused NFAs. Notably, the device retains ~84% of its initial PCE after 1300 h under the simulated AM 1.5 G illumination (100 mW cm
−2
). Overall, this work provides insight into molecule design of the non-fused NFAs from the aspect of molecular geometry control.
Spherical Harmonic (SH) lighting is widely used for real-time rendering within Precomputed Radiance Transfer (PRT) systems. SH coefficients are precomputed and stored at object vertices, and combined ...interactively with SH lighting coefficients to enable effects like soft shadows, interreflections, and glossy reflection. However, the most common PRT techniques assume distant, low-frequency environment lighting, for which SH lighting coefficients can easily be computed once per frame. There is currently limited support for near-field illumination and area lights, since it is non-trivial to compute the SH coefficients for an area light, and the incident lighting (SH coefficients) varies over the object geometry. We present an efficient closed-form solution for projection of uniform polygonal area lights to spherical harmonic coefficients of arbitrary order, enabling easy adoption of accurate area lighting in PRT systems, with no modifications required to the core PRT framework. Our method only requires computing zonal harmonic (ZH) coefficients, for which we introduce a novel recurrence relation. In practice, ZH coefficients are built up iteratively, with computation linear in the desired SH order. General SH coefficients can then be obtained by the recently developed sparse zonal harmonic rotation method.
This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADES) into Brønsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character. The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ...ADES are classified, the synthesis methods are described, and the physicochemical properties including freezing point, acidity, density, viscosity and conductivity are presented. Furthermore, the applications of Brønsted acidic deep eutectic solvents (BADES) and Lewis acidic deep eutectic solvents (LADES) are overviewed, respectively, covering the fields in dissolution, extraction, organic reaction and metal electrodeposition. It is expected that the ADES has great potential to replace the pollutional mineral acid, expensive and unstable solid acid, and costly ionic liquid in many acid-employed chemical processes, thus meeting the demands of green chemistry.
In this review, the components and synthesis methods of acidic deep eutectic solvent (ADES) are described and discussed, and the important physicochemical prpoperties are summarized and presented. In addition, the applications of ADES in various fields are introduced, and the further outlooks are also proposed. Display omitted
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Explore the relationship between adult attachment and depression among college students, and the mechanism of perfectionism.
Questionnaire survey.
A questionnaire survey was conducted nationwide, ...totally 313 valid questionnaires were received. The survey collected information such as adult attachment (Adult Attachment Scale, AAS), depression (The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CESD), and perfectionism (The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, FMPS). Then used SPSS26.0 to analyze the collected data.
There were significant differences in perfectionism and depression between secure attachment and insecure attachment in college students. Perfectionism plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between the close-depend composite dimension, anxiety dimension of attachment and depression.
The closeness-dependence dimension of attachment significantly and negatively predicted perfectionism and depression; the anxiety dimension of attachment significantly and positively predicted perfectionism and depression; and perfectionism partially mediated the effect of both the closeness-dependence dimension of attachment on depression and the anxiety dimension of attachment on depression. Attachment can directly affect college students' depression, but also indirectly through perfectionism.
Network platforms have ushered in a novel propagation model for feminist discourses. The emergence of oriental feminism in society has led to gender-based public opinions surrounding public events ...becoming a trending topic on Chinese social media. This study uses the 2022 Tangshan restaurant attack as a case study, an incident that sparked widespread discussions across China in 2022. The research gathered 366,602 network communication nodes within a week and examined the communication networks of three types of content nodes (information, opinion, and appeasement) using the complex network modeling method. The findings revealed that all three types of information communication networks exhibit an apparent scale-free characteristic, and the "key minority" of nodes significantly affects information communication. Information-type and appeasement-type Weibo display notable similarities in the quantity and degree distribution of nodes within the communication networks and in the information decay rate. Moreover, authoritative information issuers have become the primary catalyst for information propagation. Conversely, opinion-type Weibo has the widest communication network diameter and features a high degree of participation, multilevel propagation, and a slow decay rate. This indicates that the interaction between opinion leaders and netizens has enhanced the depth and breadth of information diffusion for opinion-type Weibo.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
(the longhorned tick), the predominant tick species in China, serves as a vector for a variety of pathogens, and is capable of transmitting the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), the causative ...agent of tick-borne encephalitis. However, it is unclear how these ticks transmit TBEV. Langat virus (LGTV), which has a reduced pathogenicity in humans, has been used as a surrogate for TBEV. In this study, we aimed to investigate the vector competence of
to transmit LGTV and demonstrate the efficient acquisition and transmission of LGTV between this tick species and mice. LGTV localization was detected in several tick tissues, such as the midgut, salivary glands, and synganglion, using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining with a polyclonal antibody targeting the LGTV envelope protein. We demonstrated the horizontal transmission of LGTV to different developmental stages within the same generation but did not see evidence of vertical transmission. It was interesting to note that we observed mice acting as a bridge, facilitating the transmission of LGTV to neighboring naïve ticks during blood feeding. In conclusion, the virus-vector-host model employed in this study provides valuable insights into the replication and transmission of LGTV throughout its life cycle.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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•EHDPHP significantly inhibited adult zebrafish reproduction and development of F1.•The reproduction toxicity of EHDPHP on zebrafish was sex-dependent.•The target organs of EHDPHP ...were brain for female and gonad for male zebrafish.•EHDPHP interacted stronger with AR/ER antagonism, CYP19A1 agonism.
As a frequently detected organophosphate ester in various environmental media, the toxic effects of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) on aquatic organisms of different sexes remain unclear. In this study, adult zebrafish were exposed to 2.5, 50, 250 µg/L of EHDPHP for 21 days to investigate its sex-dependent reproductive toxicity and related mechanisms. EHDPHP exposure significantly inhibited the reproduction of zebrafish, evidenced by the reduced spawning of females, depressed growth and development of their offspring. EHDPHP induced greater impacts on the changes of sex hormones and vitellogenin (VTG) in the males than females. For females, the synthesis of testosterone (T) was inhibited because of the down-regulated gnrhr2, gnrhr3, gnrhr4, gnrh3, gnrh2 and er2β in the brain, while 17β-estradiol (E2) increased in 250 µg/L due to up-regulated cyp19a. For males, the promotion of T was directly related to the up-regulation of fshr, 3βhsd, star, cyp11 and cyp17 in the gonad, and eventually led to the increase of E2. The decrease of plasma 11-KT in both sexes could be mainly attributed to the down-regulation of cyp11b and hsd11b. The plasma VTG decreased in females but increased in males, which was in accordance with the down and up regulation of erα and er2β in the females and males, respectively. All these indicated EHDPHP displayed reproductive toxicity on zebrafish in a sex dependent manner. Molecular docking analysis indicated stronger interaction of EHDPHP with the antagonisms of estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR), as well as the agonism of CYP19A1, which further revealed the sex-dependent reproductive toxicity mechanism of EHDPHP. This study highlights the importance of distinguishing males and females in toxicity evaluation of endocrine disruption chemicals.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In order to make the teleoperation system more practical, it is necessary to effectively control the tracking error convergence time of the teleoperation system. By combining the terminal sliding ...mode control method with the neural network adaptive control method, a bilateral continuous finite time adaptive terminal sliding mode control method is designed for the combined teleoperation system. The Lyapunov theory is used to analyze the stability of the closed-loop system, and the position tracking error is able to effectively converge in time. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by MATLAB Simulink numerical simulation, and the numerical analysis of the results shows that the method has better system performance. Compared with the traditional two-sided control method (TPDC) of PD time-delay teleoperation system, the control method in this paper has good performance, improves stability, and makes steady-state errors smaller and better tracking.
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