The development of an anomaly-based intrusion detection system (IDS) is a primary research direction in the field of intrusion detection. An IDS learns normal and anomalous behavior by analyzing ...network traffic and can detect unknown and new attacks. However, the performance of an IDS is highly dependent on feature design, and designing a feature set that can accurately characterize network traffic is still an ongoing research issue. Anomaly-based IDSs also have the problem of a high false alarm rate (FAR), which seriously restricts their practical applications. In this paper, we propose a novel IDS called the hierarchical spatial-temporal features-based intrusion detection system (HAST-IDS), which first learns the low-level spatial features of network traffic using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and then learns high-level temporal features using long short-term memory networks. The entire process of feature learning is completed by the deep neural networks automatically; no feature engineering techniques are required. The automatically learned traffic features effectively reduce the FAR. The standard DARPA1998 and ISCX2012 data sets are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The experimental results show that the HAST-IDS outperforms other published approaches in terms of accuracy, detection rate, and FAR, which successfully demonstrates its effectiveness in both feature learning and FAR reduction.
Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) plays an increasingly important role in the determination of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of macromolecules. In order to achieve 3D reconstruction results ...close to atomic resolution, 2D single-particle image classification is not only conducive to single-particle selection, but also a key step that affects 3D reconstruction. The main task is to cluster and align 2D single-grain images into non-heterogeneous groups to obtain sharper single-grain images by averaging calculations. The main difficulties are that the cryo-EM single-particle image has a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), cannot manually label the data, and the projection direction is random and the distribution is unknown. Therefore, in the low SNR scenario, how to obtain the characteristic information of the effective particles, improve the clustering accuracy, and thus improve the reconstruction accuracy, is a key problem in the 2D image analysis of single particles of cryo-EM.
Aiming at the above problems, we propose a learnable deep clustering method and a fast alignment weighted averaging method based on frequency domain space to effectively improve the class averaging results and improve the reconstruction accuracy. In particular, it is very prominent in the feature extraction and dimensionality reduction module. Compared with the classification method based on Bayesian and great likelihood, a large amount of single particle data is required to estimate the relative angle orientation of macromolecular single particles in the 3D structure, and we propose that the clustering method shows good results.
SimcryoCluster can use the contrastive learning method to perform well in the unlabeled high-noise cryo-EM single particle image classification task, making it an important tool for cryo-EM protein structure determination.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia (CEL), a rare and intricate hematological disorder characterized by uncontrolled eosinophilic proliferation, presents clinical challenges owing to its infrequency. This ...study aimed to investigate epidemiology and develop a prognostic nomogram for CEL patients. Utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database, CEL cases diagnosed between 2001 and 2020 were analyzed for incidence rates, clinical profiles, and survival outcomes. Patients were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts (7:3 ratio). LASSO regression analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed to screen the prognostic factors for overall survival. A nomogram was then constructed and validated to predict the 3- and 5-year overall survival probability of CEL patients by incorporating these factors. The incidence rate of CEL was very low, with an average of 0.033 per 100,000 person-years from 2001 to 2020. The incidence rate significantly increased with age and was higher in males than females. The mean age at diagnosis was 57 years. Prognostic analysis identified advanced age, specific marital statuses, and secondary CEL as independent and adverse predictors of overall survival. To facilitate personalized prognostication, a nomogram was developed incorporating these factors, demonstrating good calibration and discrimination. Risk stratification using the nomogram effectively differentiated patients into low- and high-risk groups. This study enhances our understanding of CEL, offering novel insights into its epidemiology, demographics, and prognostic determinants, while providing a possible prognostication tool for clinical use. However, further research is warranted to elucidate molecular mechanisms and optimize therapeutic strategies for CEL.
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In recent years, it has been found that miRNA has a very close relationship with cardiovascular system diseases. Heart disease is accompanied by a change of the miRNA expression spectrum. Changing ...the expression of miRNA in or out of cells can cause heart diseases such as myocardial infarction, hypertrophy or arrhythmia. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important transmitters of cell surface signals to the nucleus. The family influences the biological responses of cells (e.g., proliferation, differentiation, transformation and apoptosis) by affecting the transcription and regulation of genes in animal cells. Based on the above background, the purpose of this study was to study the effect of the mir-1-mediated AMPK pathway on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in hypertensive rats. The expression level of miRNA-1 in cultured rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes was detected by real-time PCR to determine the success of the transfection. MTT method was used to detect the cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell apoptosis, and real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of bcl-2. The results were compared with those of H9c2 cells (blank control group) and miRNA negative control fragments (negative control group). As an important kinase regulating energy homeostasis, AMPK is one of the central regulators of metabolism in eukaryotic cells and organisms, responsible for regulating cellular capacity input and output and maintaining the smooth functioning of cellular physiological activities. At the same time, AMPK is a key protein involved in a variety of signaling pathways. The results showed that the apoptosis rate of myocardial cells in the miRNA-1 group decreased (0.710 ± 0.009661)% vs (1.066667 ± 0.02603)% compared with that in the spontaneous hypertension control group (P < 0.001). The transfected miRNA-1mimics can up-regulate the expression of miRNA-1 in cells, inhibit the proliferation of cardiomyocytes and promote apoptosis.
The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer are among the highest in the world. Traditional treatment methods include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Although rapid progress has been ...achieved in the past decade, treatment limitations remain. It is therefore imperative to identify safer and more effective therapeutic methods, and research is currently being conducted to identify more efficient and less harmful drugs. In recent years, the discovery of antitumor drugs based on the essential trace element selenium (Se) has provided good prospects for lung cancer treatments. In particular, compared to inorganic Se (Inorg-Se) and organic Se (Org-Se), Se nanomedicine (Se nanoparticles; SeNPs) shows much higher bioavailability and antioxidant activity and lower toxicity. SeNPs can also be used as a drug delivery carrier to better regulate protein and DNA biosynthesis and protein kinase C activity, thus playing a role in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. SeNPs can also effectively activate antigen-presenting cells to stimulate cell immunity, exert regulatory effects on innate and regulatory immunity, and enhance lung cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the application of Se-based species and materials in lung cancer diagnosis, including fluorescence, MR, CT, photoacoustic imaging and other diagnostic methods, as well as treatments, including direct killing, radiosensitization, chemotherapeutic sensitization, photothermodynamics, and enhanced immunotherapy. In addition, the application prospects and challenges of Se-based drugs in lung cancer are examined, as well as their forecasted future clinical applications and sustainable development.
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The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection caused pneumonia. we retrospectively analyzed the virus presence in the pharyngeal swab, blood, and the anal swab detected by real-time PCR in the clinical ...lab. Unexpectedly, the 2109-nCoV RNA was readily detected in the blood (6 of 57 patients) and the anal swabs (11 of 28 patients). Importantly, all of the 6 patients with detectable viral RNA in the blood cohort progressed to severe symptom stage, indicating a strong correlation of serum viral RNA with the disease severity (p-value = 0.0001). Meanwhile, 8 of the 11 patients with annal swab virus-positive was in severe clinical stage. However, the concentration of viral RNA in the anal swab (Ct value = 24 + 39) was higher than in the blood (Ct value = 34 + 39) from patient 2, suggesting that the virus might replicate in the digestive tract. Altogether, our results confirmed the presence of virus RNA in extra-pulmonary sites.
The required navigation performance (RNP) procedure is one of the two basic navigation specifications for the performance-based navigation (PBN) procedure as proposed by the International Civil ...Aviation Organization (ICAO) through an integration of the global navigation infrastructures to improve the utilization efficiency of airspace and reduce flight delays and the dependence on ground navigation facilities. The approach stage is one of the most important and difficult stages in the whole flying. In this study, we proposed deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based RNP procedure execution, DRL-RNP. By conducting an RNP approach procedure, the DRL algorithm was implemented, using a fixed-wing aircraft to explore a path of minimum fuel consumption with reward under windy conditions in compliance with the RNP safety specifications. The experimental results have demonstrated that the six degrees of freedom aircraft controlled by the DRL algorithm can successfully complete the RNP procedure whilst meeting the safety specifications for protection areas and obstruction clearance altitude in the whole procedure. In addition, the potential path with minimum fuel consumption can be explored effectively. Hence, the DRL method can be used not only to implement the RNP procedure with a simulated aircraft but also to help the verification and evaluation of the RNP procedure.
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•An orogenic gold mineral systems model was established in Tangbale-Hatu belt.•The MaxEnt model was proposed for orogenic gold prospectivity mapping.•The importance of individual ...ore-controlling variables was examined by jackknife analysis.
The Tangbale-Hatu belt (western Junggar region), located in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), has undergone complicated accretion and collision processes during the evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The geological events contributed to orogenic gold mineral systems in the region. In the present study, mineral systems approach was employed to evaluate critical ore-forming processes such as fluid migration pathways, the formation of trap zones, and deposition of metals. By means of translating these critical processes into mappable ore-controlling variables, we attempt to establish a process-based quantitative evaluation model. A maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was proposed to predict the potential distribution of orogenic gold deposits based on known gold deposits/occurrences, and ore-controlling variables. Nine ore-controlling variables including fault intersection density, fault linear density, the first factor score map, Au singularity indices, Au regional anomaly, Au local anomaly, proximity to NE-trending faults, proximity to intrusion contacts and proximity to stratigraphic contacts, were selected to identify the most potential zones endowed with gold deposits. The spatial association of individual ore-controlling variable with the incidence of gold deposit occurrences was investigated by response curves, and the relative importance of each ore-controlling variable was determined by jackknife analysis in the MaxEnt model. The results indicate that Au regional anomaly derived from spectrum–area (S–A) fractal model is the most important variable, followed by the first factor score map and proximity to stratigraphic contacts. The model accuracy was evaluated by ROC curve giving a high predictive ability (AUC=0.915). Favorable zones for gold mineralization illustrated by the prospectivity map are spatially coincident with known gold deposits/occurrences and the main mineralized trends, showing that the MaxEnt model can be efficiently employed for spatial fusion analysis of multisource geospatial data to support conceptual mineral systems modeling of geologic controls on mineral deposit occurrences.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
ABSTRACT
The Xiaorequanzi copper–zinc deposit, located in the eastern Tianshan, is considered as a medium‐sized polymetallic deposit in Xinjiang, NW China. Understanding the structural framework and ...delineating the location of intrusions as well as the distribution of ore‐controlling strata in this mining area are vital for identifying new potential exploration areas. This paper aims to provide new information on the subsurface structures of the Xiaorequanzi copper–zinc deposit and to explore new target area for the ore prospecting based on comprehensive interpretation of multiple geophysical datasets. Several potential field filtering methods were used to study the spatial distribution of the geological structure. The structural lineament was delineated based on various source boundary detection results. Euler deconvolution method was used to estimate the field source depth, and the structure model was constructed from 2.5D forward gravity modelling, constrained by borehole and electromagnetic data. The results indicate that the local gravity highs may be the concentration of mineralized rocks with high density extending to depths of several hundred meters; the magnetic highs are related to mineralized rocks/intrusive rocks that are close to the surface. The tectonic framework of the whole ore bed is mainly controlled by NW‐SE, E‐W and NE‐SW structures, in which NE‐SW structures are related closely to mineralization and may provide optimum conditions for magma emplacement and fluid migration. Our research will help to study the tectonic evolution and guide further exploration of the deposit.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing data provide rapid, non-destructive, and near laboratory quality reflectance spectra for mineral mapping and lithological discrimination, thereby ushering an ...innovative era of remote sensing. In this study, NEO HySpex cameras, which comprise 504 spectral channels in the spectral ranges of 0.4–1.0 μm and 1.0–2.5 μm, were mounted on a delta wing XT-912 aircraft. The designed flexibility and modular nature of the HySpex aircraft hyperspectral imaging system made it relatively easy to test, transport, install, and remove the system multiple times before the acquisition flights. According to the design fight plan, including the route distance, length, height, and flight speed, we acquired high spectral and spatial resolutions airborne hyperspectral images of Yudai porphyry Cu (Au, Mo) mineralization in Kalatag District, Eastern Tianshan terrane, Northwest China. By comparing the features of the HySpex hyperspectral data and standard spectra data from the United States Geological Survey database, endmember pixels of spectral signatures for most alteration mineral assemblages (goethite, hematite, jarosite, kaolinite, calcite, epidote, and chlorite) were extracted. After a HySpex data processing workflow, the distribution of alteration mineral assemblages (iron oxide/hydroxide, clay, and propylitic alterations) was mapped using the random forest (RF) algorithm. The experiments demonstrated that the workflow for processing data and RF algorithm is feasible and active, and show a good performance in classification accuracy. The overall classification accuracy and Kappa classification of alteration mineral identification were 73.08 and 65.73%, respectively. The main alteration mineral assemblages were primarily distributed around pits and grooves, consistent with field-measured data. Our results confirm that HySpex airborne hyperspectral data have potential application in basic geology survey and mineral exploration, which provide a viable alternative for mineral mapping and identifying lithological units at a high spatial resolution for large areas and inaccessible terrains.
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