Multiple modalities for lung cancer therapy have emerged in the past decade, whereas their clinical applications and survival‐beneficiary is little known. Vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) or ...DCs/cytokine‐induced killer (CIK) cells has shown limited success in the treatment of patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer. To evaluate and overcome these limitations in further studies, in the present review, we sum up recent progress about DCs or DCs/CIKs‐based approaches for preclinical and clinical trials in patients with lung cancer and discuss some of the limited therapeutic success. Moreover, this review highlights the need to focus future studies on the development of new approaches for successful immunotherapy in patients with lung cancer.
The most clinical trials performed are combined therapies as dendritic cells (DCs) or DC/cytokine‐induced killer therapy in combination with chemotherapy in advanced lung carcinoma. (a) A successful and effective vaccination will be provided when tumorigenic immune cells specifically target or inhibit their functions. (b) Vaccination exacerbates inflammatory conditions in the microenvironment of the tumor and given that the inhibitory effects of regulatory T cells on DC vaccines. (c) Another solution for a successful and effective DC therapy is the inhibition or targeting of inflammatory mediators secreted from the tumor cells in combination with vaccination.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The lepton pair production in ultraperipheral collisions is studied in the classical field approximation. We derive a general form of the cross section in terms of photon distributions that depend on ...the transverse momentum and coordinate based on the wave packet form of nuclear wave functions. Such a general form of the cross section in the classical field approximation contains the results of the generalized equivalent photon approximation (EPA) as well as the corrections beyond EPA in the Born approximation. By rewriting the general form of the cross section in light-cone coordinates, we find a good connection with the transverse momentum dependent distribution factorization formalism in the Born approximation. Our numerical results are consistent with current experimental data.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
•Disordered BCC phase in Al0.9–Al1.0 alloys transforms into FCC and σ phases at 873K.•FCC and σ phases form in an associated manner from the Fe,Cr-rich BCC phase.•The σ phase connected with the FCC ...phase are formed from disordered BCC phase.•The TT range of the Alx alloys is at 810–930K which is about 0.5Tm of the alloys.•The Alx alloys with x⩾0.5 is slip below the TT and creep deformation above the TT.
The Alx–Co–Cr–Fe–Ni high-entropy alloy system (x=0–1.8 in molar ratio) was prepared by vacuum arc melting and casting method. Variations of temperature on crystal structure, microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The evolution of structure with temperature can be classified into four types: Al0–Al0.3: FCC structure; Al0.5–Al0.7: mixed structure (FCC+spinodal A2+B2)→FCC+B2 structure; Al0.9–Al1.2: spinodal A2+B2 structure (<873K)→FCC+σ+B2 structure (⩾873K)→FCC+B2 structure (⩾1235K); and Al1.5–Al1.8: spinodal A2+B2 structure→B2 structure. The hot hardness transition temperature (TT) range of this alloy system was at 810–930K. The Al0.5 alloy exhibited the highest TT/Tm value. Above TT, the Al0 and Al0.3 alloys possessed the highest softening coefficient and the Al0.9 and Al1.0 alloys exhibited the maximum softening coefficient amongst the Alx alloys. Differences of constituent phases, phase distribution and morphology could account for the softening difference. The mechanism for high softening resistance was also discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Covalent organic frameworks (COF) are complex functional systems constructed with atomic precision by linking well‐defined building blocks through robust covalent bonds. β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) is a ...most employed supramolecule which bears a hydrophobic cavity guiding molecular specific recognitions. Building COF with asymmetric β‐CD linkers is challenging and has never been reported. Here, β‐CD COF is grown with heptakis(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐CD and terephthalaldehyde in green solvents of water and ethanol at room temperature. The COF is characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, which matches well with the simulated crystal structure. Weaving β‐CD into a framework through reticular chemistry allows the integration of a large amount of β‐CD units (50 mol %), much higher than β‐CD polymers. The β‐CD COF has larger surface area, more uniform pore size, and higher thermal stability than the non‐crystalline β‐CD polymer produced by the same reagents. Finally, the β‐CD COF holds abundant specific interaction sites enabling selective molecular adsorption.
Porous β‐cyclodextrin (CD) cubic poles: The first success of using an asymmetric supramolecular building block, β‐CD, for the construction of a covalent organic framework. The framework is built from heptakis(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐CD and terephthalaldehyde under acid catalysis in aqueous ethanol at room temperature. It exhibits a morphology of cubic poles, with an average width of 125 nm. The material has a high surface area, uniform pore size, and abundant β‐CD units, enabling highly selective molecular adsorption in water.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
The landscape creation process based on the concept of virtual reality, the landscape creation as a dynamic process, from subjective and objective two aspects discusses the evolution history ...of landscape creation, system creation process model. Based on the concept of process method, this paper summarizes and puts forward the concept and form, rules and operation, output and result oriented process method and related technology import mode. The overall analysis of the whole process of the innovative landscape creation has formed a comprehensive, innovative, holistic and process of the system creation method, to provide overall guidance for the further research of landscape space and form creation method. This paper discusses and analyses the application of VR technology from the aspects of landscape creation and landscape expression. On the one hand, the application of virtual reality technology in landscape creation can promote the diversification of design thinking and creation process, stimulate the multi direction thinking, further emancipate the creative thinking and improve the design quality. On the other hand, the virtual reality technology has created a more powerful expressive force with its vividness, interactivity, authenticity and accuracy, and expanded the content and meaning of the architectural expression. In addition, the author also discusses the landscape design and the essence of landscape in the virtual reality era.
China's composition of energy sources is highly geographically dependent. A large rural population still reside in areas where carbonate composites are the major energy sources. Consequently, the ...resulted carbon pollution has been an increasingly seriously environmental problem. We conduct a field survey with a sample of 6000 rural households in 30 rural counties in 25 provinces in China. The findings include the following. First, for cooking, fuelwood is the most commonly used fuel in rural areas although some economically developed rural areas employ natural gas. Second, most rural residents use coal for heating in winter season, while places like Guangdong mainly utilize gas, and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai primarily employ electricity. Third, the combustion of fuelwood and coal poses severe threat to the environment and rural residents' health. We argue that the key to improving China's rural energy consumption structure is to boost the income level of the rural residents. Meanwhile, the government should increase the investment on the research and implementation of the renewable energy, on construction of the power grid and other energy infrastructure. Targeted subsidy in certain areas is a useful supplement mechanism.
•Fuelwood and coal are the most important energy sources for rural househoulds in China.•Income plays an important role in the choice of energy and energy switch.•Consuming fuelwood and coal bring serious health impacts for rural househoulds.•The government should provide more subsidies to encourage renewable energy use.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Synthetic biology has advanced the design of genetic devices that can be used to reprogram metabolic activities in mammalian cells. By functionally linking the signal transduction of melanopsin to ...the control circuit of the nuclear factor of activated T cells, we have designed a synthetic signaling cascade enabling light-inducible transgene expression in different cell lines grown in culture or bioreactors or implanted into mice. In animals harboring intraperitoneal hollow-fiber or subcutaneous implants containing light-inducible transgenic cells, the serum levels of the human glycoprotein secreted alkaline phosphatase could be remote-controlled with fiber optics or transdermally regulated through direct illumination. Light-controlled expression of the glucagon-like peptide 1 was able to attenuate glycemic excursions in type II diabetic mice. Synthetic light-pulse—transcription converters may have applications in therapeutics and protein expression technology.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A combined strategy of building blocks recognition and molecular network construction, termed the building blocks‐based molecular network (BBMN), was first presented to facilitate the efficient ...discovery of novel natural products. By mapping the BBMN of the total alkaloid fraction of Flueggea suffruticosa, three Securinega alkaloids (SEAs) with unusual chemical architectures, suffranidines A–C (1–3), were discovered and isolated. Compound 1 characterizes an unprecedented 8/5/6/5/6/6/6/6‐fused octacyclic scaffold with a unique cage‐shaped 3‐azatricyclo6.4.0.03,11dodecane core. Compounds 2 and 3 are highly modified SEA dimers that incorporate additional C6 motifs. A hypothetical biosynthetic pathway for 1–3 was proposed. In addition, 1 significantly induced neuronal differentiation and neurite extension by upregulating eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2)‐mediated protein synthesis.
A building blocks‐based molecular network (BBMN) strategy was first presented and resulted in the discovery of three novel Securinega alkaloids. Compound 1 features an unprecedented 8/5/6/5/6/6/6/6‐fused octacyclic scaffold with a unique cage‐shaped 3‐azatricyclo6.4.0.03,11dodecane core, which also exhibited remarkable effects on neuronal differentiation and neurite extension.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
MicroRNA‐24‐3p (miR‐24‐3p) has been implicated as a key promoter of chemotherapy resistance in numerous cancers. Meanwhile, cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can secret exosomes to transfer ...miRNAs, which mediate tumour development. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of CAF‐derived exosomal miR‐24‐3p in colon cancer (CC). Hence, this study intended to characterize the functional relevance of CAF‐derived exosomal miR‐24‐3p in CC cell resistance to methotrexate (MTX). We identified differentially expressed HEPH, CDX2 and miR‐24‐3p in CC through bioinformatics analyses, and validated their expression in CC tissues and cells. The relationship among HEPH, CDX2 and miR‐24‐3p was verified using ChIP and dual‐luciferase reporter gene assays. Exosomes were isolated from miR‐24‐3p inhibitor–treated CAFs (CAFs‐exo/miR‐24‐3p inhibitor), which were used in combination with gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function experiments and MTX treatment. CCK‐8, flow cytometry and colony formation assays were conducted to determine cell viability, apoptosis and colony formation, respectively. Based on the findings, CC tissues and cells presented with high expression of miR‐24‐3p and low expression of HEPH and CDX2. CDX2 was a target gene of miR‐24‐3p and could up‐regulate HEPH. Under MTX treatment, overexpressed CDX2 or HEPH and down‐regulated miR‐24‐3p reduced cell viability and colony formation and elevated cell apoptosis. Furthermore, miR‐24‐3p was transferred into CC cells via CAF‐derived exosomes. CAF‐derived exosomal miR‐24‐3p inhibitor diminished cell viability and colony formation and increased cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibited tumour growth in vivo under MTX treatment. Altogether, CAF‐derived exosomal miR‐24‐3p accelerated resistance of CC cells to MTX by down‐regulating CDX2/HEPH axis.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In the wake of rapid development of livestream shopping and extensive research surrounding it, the fit between elements in livestream shopping has attracted the widespread attention of researchers. ...Based on the match-up hypothesis and information processing fluency theory, this study explored the impact of various types of fit between elements in livestream shopping on consumers’ purchase intention through processing fluency. The analysis of data sampled in mainland China showed that product–scene fit and anchor–scene fit influence consumers’ perceptual fluency; consumers’ perceptual fluency and pleasure play a mediating role in the effects of the two types of fit on purchase intention. Additionally, consumer–scene fit, consumer–product fit, consumer–anchor fit, and anchor–product fit affect consumers’ conceptual fluency; consumers’ conceptual fluency and trust play a mediating role in the effects of the four types of fit on purchase intention. The main theoretical contribution of this study is to systematically examine the impact of the fit between elements in livestream shopping on consumers’ purchase intention and reveal the influence mechanism from a novel perspective of information processing fluency.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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