The information of plasma technologies applications for environmental clean-up on treating and degrading metals, metalloids, dyes, biomass, antibiotics, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ...bacteria, virus and fungi is compiled and organized in the review article. Different reactor configurations of plasma technology have been applied for reactive species generation, responsible for the pollutants removal, hydrogen and methane production and microorganism inactivation. Therefore, in this review article, the reactive species from discharge plasma are presented here to provide the insight into the environmental applications. The combinations of plasma technology with flux agent and photocatalytic are also given in this review paper associated with the setup of the plasma system on the removal process of metals, VOCs, and microorganisms. Furthermore, the potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inactivation via plasma technology is also described in this review paper. Detailed information of plasma parameter configuration is given to support the influence of the critical process in the plasma system to deal with contaminants.
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•Different types of plasma technology system have been used widely in many research fields.•Plasma bubble reactor shows a good result on the treatment of organic pollutants.•Many reactive species play an integral role to degrade pollutants in the plasma system.•SARS-CoV-2 virus can be inactivated via an atmospheric-cold plasma.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In early 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic spread globally. This study investigated the air quality of three cities in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Jingmen, and Enshi, central China, from January to March ...2017-2020 to analyze the impact of the epidemic prevention and control actions on air quality. The results indicated that in the three cities, during February 2020, when the epidemic prevention and control actions were taken, the average concentrations of atmospheric PM_(2.5) PM_(10), SO_2, CO, and NO_2 in the three cities were 46.1 μg m^(-3), 50.8 μg m^(-3), 2.56 ppb, 0.60 ppm, and 6.70 ppb, and were 30.1%, 40.5%, 33.4%, 27.9%, and 61.4% lower than the levels in February 2017-2019, respectively. However, the average O_3 concentration (23.1, 32.4, and 40.2 ppb) in 2020 did not show a significant decrease, and even increased by 12.7%, 14.3%, and 11.6% in January, February, and March, respectively. This is because a lower concentration of NO_2 resulted in constraints on the NO + O_3 reaction, and the O_3 could not be effectively further depleted. In addition, the average air quality index (AQI) for the three cities in January, February, and March 2020 were 32.2%, 27.7%, and 14.9% lower than the levels in 2017-2019, respectively. Based on the AQIs for the three cities, the combined proportions of Class I and Class Ⅱ in January, February, and March 2020 increased by 27.9%, 24.8%, and 4.3%, respectively, while the combined proportion of AQI Classes III, IV, V, and VI was reduced from 34.8% to 15.8%. In addition, in the first three months of 2020, the indicatory air pollutants in the three cities for the AQIs were predominant in the following order: PM_(2.5) (72.0%), O_3 (16.4%), PM_(10) (8.3%), NO_2 (2.9%), and CO (0.4%). This study provides useful information for establishing a scientific air pollution control strategy and is a valuable reference for future research on improving urban air quality.
G protein‐coupled receptor 83 (GPR83) is primarily expressed in the brain and is implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism and some anxiety‐related behaviours. Recently, the ...PCSK1N/proSAAS‐derived peptide PEN, the procholecystokinin‐derived peptide proCCK56‐63, and family with sequence similarity 237 member A (FAM237A) were all reported as efficient agonists of GPR83. However, these results have not yet been reproduced by other laboratories and thus GPR83 is still officially an orphan receptor. The peptide PEN and proCCK56‐63 share sequence similarity; however, they are completely different from FAM237A. To identify its actual ligand(s), in the present study we developed NanoLuc Binary Technology (NanoBiT)‐based ligand‐binding assay, fluorescent ligand‐based visualization, and NanoBiT‐based β‐arrestin recruitment assay for human GPR83. Using these assays, we demonstrated that mature human FAM237A could bind to GPR83 with nanomolar range affinity, and could activate this receptor and induce its internalization with nanomolar range efficiency in transfected human embryonic kidney 293T cells. However, we did not detect any interaction of PEN and proCCK56‐63 with GPR83 using these assays. Thus, our results confirmed that FAM237A is an efficient agonist of GPR83, but did not support PEN and proCCK56‐63 as ligands of this receptor. Clarification of their pairing paves the way for further functional studies of the brain‐specific receptor GPR83 and the so far rarely studied neuropeptide FAM237A in the future.
Using NanoBiT‐based ligand‐binding assay, fluorescent ligand‐based visualization, and NanoBiT‐based β‐arrestin recruitment assay, we demonstrated that mature neuropeptide FAM237A, rather than the PCSK1N/proSAAS‐derived peptide PEN and the procholecystokinin‐derived peptide proCCK56‐63, is an efficient agonist for the orphan receptor GPR83. Clarification of their pairing paves the way for further functional studies of the brain‐specific receptor GPR83 and the rarely studied neuropeptide FAM237A.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Vitrification technology provides a solution for the issue of safe disposal of hazardous waste containing harmful chemical composition and organic pollutants. This review discusses application of ...vitrification technologies to treat hazardous waste including, asbestos, fly ash, electronic sludge, nuclear waste, medical waste and radioactive waste. Vitrification processes via Joule heating, microwave heating, plasma technology, electric arc furnaces and incinerators are compared herein. Stabilization of hazardous waste can be achieved by vitrification with the addition of flux agents/additives. Furthermore, crystalline structures, containing the silicate-glass network, are formed as a result of vitrification, depending on the type of flux agents/additives used. In addition, the concentration of heavy metals can be degraded in the final residue and leaching resistance can be achieved. Moreover, energy consumption, pollution prevention and the foreground of the practical application of vitrification are discussed. Vitrification with the advantage of encapsulating pollutants from the hazardous waste is proven to be a promising approach for hazardous waste treatment.
•Vitrifying of hazardous waste can be obtained via different technologies.•Flux agents/additives give the transformation of materials for the crystalline structure.•Leaching resistance of metals can be obtained from the vitrification.•Silicon atoms are linked with the four oxygen atoms (Si–O – Si) in the vitrification.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This review details the current information on e-waste treatment using plasma technology. The current status of e-waste treatment via plasma technology from the scientific literature is presented ...herein, namely, moist paste battery, galvanic sludge, resin, printed circuit board, and semiconductor industries. The concept of plasma technology, classification of e-waste, contaminants of e-waste (metals, metalloids, and VOCs), and vitrification of the final product are presented herein. This review paper focuses on fusing flux agents to vitrify e-waste. Furthermore, this paper covers laboratory-scale investigations, plasma technology benefits, and reuse of material from plasma post-treatment. The use of plasma technology combined with flux agents could be recommended to eliminate contaminants from e-waste. Materials from plasma post-treatment may also be applied in environmental reuse applications.
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•Amount of e-waste increased sharply and faster compared to other waste.•Plasma technology is a promising method to treat e-waste.•Plasma jet creates ionization to eliminate harmful elements.•Addition of flux agent plays a major role to vitrify contaminants in e-waste.•Material from plasma post-treatment shows potential to be used in construction and adsorption.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Coal-fired power plants still dominate the electricity market in Southeast Asia, supplying around 30 % of the total demand, and the demand trend for this sector will continue to be high for decades ...to come. As a result, coal fly ash (CFA) production has also increased rapidly. However, most countries in this region consider them hazardous waste due to the immense potential for destroying living things and the environment. An increase in the utilization rate of CFA will undoubtedly result in numerous economic and environmental benefits. This article provides an intensive update regarding the current development of CFA utilization research and its realization. This article also provides a specific summary of its use as a medium for valuable materials. Recent studies have proven that CFAs have significant potential due to their physical and chemical characteristics. CFA can be further utilized as an adsorbent, catalyst, mesoporous, and synthesis material for high-efficiency zeolite. By working out the strategies proposed in this paper and the latest research results, the possibility of their utilization can be increased. Thus, the potential of CFA can be utilized to its fullest extent as one of the instruments for Southeast Asia to become a better and more sustainable region.
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•Intensive updates regarding the current research developments on using coal fly ash and its realization in Southeast Asia.•Provide information on the potential utilization of coal fly ash due to its physical and chemical properties.•Coal fly ash can be further utilized as adsorbents, catalysts, and in the synthesis of high-efficiency zeolites.•The potential for optimal utilization of coal fly ash can make Southeast Asia a better and more sustainable region.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Organic molecules bearing chiral sulfur stereocenters exert a great impact on asymmetric catalysis and synthesis, chiral drugs, and chiral materials. Compared with acyclic ones, the catalytic ...asymmetric synthesis of thio‐heterocycles has largely lagged behind due to the lack of efficient synthetic strategies. Here we establish the first modular platform to access chiral thio‐oxazolidinones via Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric 3+2 annulations of vinylethylene carbonates with sulfinylanilines. This protocol is featured by readily available starting materials, and high enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity. In particular, an unusual effect of a non‐chiral supporting ligand on the diastereoselectivity was observed. Possible reaction mechanisms and stereocontrol models were proposed.
Two Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric 3+2 annulations are disclosed, providing a modular platform for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral thio‐oxazolidinones. Preliminary mechanistic studies are performed to rationalize the observed enantio‐ and diastereo‐controls.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Metal‐polarized aza‐ortho‐quinone methides (aza‐o‐QMs) are a unique and efficient handle for azaheterocycle synthesis. Despite great achievements, the potential of these reactive intermediates has ...not yet been fully exploited, especially the new reaction modes. Herein, we disclosed an unprecedented dearomatization process of metal‐polarized aza‐o‐QMs, affording transient dearomatized spiroaziridine intermediates. Based on this serendipity, we accomplished three sequential dearomatization‐rearomatization reactions of benzimidazolines with aza‐sulfur ylides, enabling the divergent synthesis of bis‐nitrogen heterocycles with high efficiency and flexibility. Moreover, experimental and theoretical studies were performed to explain the proposed mechanisms and observed selectivity. Further cellular evaluation of the dibenzodiazepine products identified a hit compound for new antitumor drugs.
Three sequential dearomatization‐rearomatization reactions of benzoxazinones with aza‐sulfur ylides were developed under transition metal catalysis. Pharmaceutically significant bis‐nitrogen heterocycles, benzimidazolines and dibenzodiazepines, were produced with high efficiency and selectivity. Furthermore, detailed mechanism studies were carried out to explain the proposed mechanism and reaction selectivity.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The mechanism and capacity of methylene green (MG5) adsorption onto commercial activated-charcoal (CAC, Norit RB4C) were investigated in batch experiments. The microporous CAC material was found to ...exhibit a large specific surface area (1026m2/g) and high total pore (0.502cm3/g) and micropore (0.347cm3/g) volumes. The point of zero charge (9.81±0.07) of CAC was determined by the “drift method” and found to be insignificantly dependent on the varying operation conditions. The dye adsorption process was low relative to the solution pH (2.0–10) and ionic strength (0–0.5M). Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption equilibrium was quickly reached based on low activation energy required for adsorption (Ea; 4.12kJ/mol). CAC can remove 53–64% of the MG5 concentration from solution within 1min. The maximum adsorption capacities determined from Langmuir model at 10°C, 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C were 361mg/g, 489mg/g, 543mg/g, and 581mg/g, respectively. Desorption studies demonstrated that the MG5 adsorption was irreversible. The MG5 adsorption process was found to be spontaneous (−ΔG°), endothermic (+ΔH°), and increased the randomness (+ΔS°) in the system. Oxygenation of the CAC surface through a hydrothermal process with acrylic acid resulted in a decrease in MG5 adsorption and identified the importance of π–π interactions to the adsorption process. The analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the aromatic CC bonds decreased in intensity and upshifted after MG5 adsorption, which additionally confirms the significant contribution of π–π interactions. The combined results of our studies highly indicated that the primary mechanisms in MG5 adsorption were π–π interactions and pore filling, while hydrogen bonding and n–π interactions were minor contributors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Both the air quality index (AQI) and indicatory air pollutants of Anqing, Hefei, and Suzhou near central China from 2017 to 2019, and the impact of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control actions on ...air quality were investigated. The combined data for the three cities from 2017 to 2019 indicated that the lowest AQI (averaged 78.1) occurred in the summer season, for which the AQI proportions for classes I, II, III, IV, V, and VI were 25.6%, 49.9%, 21.9%, 2.7%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. The highest (AQI average of 112.6) was in winter, for which the proportions were 7.4%, 39.5%, 33.3%, 12.5%, 7.2%, and 0.1%, respectively. PM_(2.5), PM_(10), and NO_2 in order were the most important indicatory air pollutants for AQI classes IV, V, and VI, which all prevailed in winter and spring, while O_3 was the indicatory air pollutant that occurred most in summer. The COVID-19 event, which triggered global attention, broke out at the end of 2019. This study also investigated and compared the air quality levels in the three cities from January to March 2017-2019 with those in 2020. The results showed that during February 2020, in the three cities, the average ambient air concentrations of PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, CO, and NO_2 were 41.9 μg m^(-3), 50.1 μg m^(-3), 2.18 ppb, 0.48 ppm, and 8.97 ppb, and were 46.5%, 48.9%, 52.5%, 36.2%, and 52.8%, respectively, lower than those in the same month in 2017-2019, respectively. However, the O_3 average concentration (80.6 ppb) did not show significant fluctuations and even slightly increased by 3.6%. This is because a lower concentration of NO_2 resulted in constraints on the reaction of NO + O_3, so the O_3 level could not be effectively further reduced. In addition, this study also analyzed and compared the five highest daily AQIs from February 2017-2019 with those of 2020 for the three cities. The mean AQI for the 5 days with the highest daily AQI (averaged 122.6) in February 2020 was 45.1% lower than that for February 2017-2019 (averaging 223.2), and the indicatory air pollutant was always PM_(2.5), which decreased by 46.7% (from 173.6 to 92.6 μg m^(-3)). It is clear that during the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control action periods, the air quality near central China improved significantly.
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