Facile design of low‐cost and highly active catalysts from earth‐abundant elements is favorable for the industrial application of water splitting. Here, a simple strategy to synthesize an ultrathin ...molybdenum disulfide/nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (MoS2/N‐RGO‐180) nanocomposite with the enlarged interlayer spacing of 9.5 Å by a one‐step hydrothermal method is reported. The synergistic effects between the layered MoS2 nanosheets and N‐doped RGO films contribute to the high activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). MoS2/N‐RGO‐180 exhibits the excellent catalytic activity with a low onset potential of −5 mV versus reversible hydrogen elelctrode (RHE), a small Tafel slope of 41.3 mV dec−1, a high exchange current density of 7.4 × 10−4 A cm−2, and good stability over 5 000 cycles under acidic conditions. The HER performance of MoS2/N‐RGO‐180 nanocomposite is superior to the most reported MoS2‐based catalysts, especially its onset potential and exchange current density. In this work, a novel and simple method to the preparation of low‐cost MoS2‐based electrocatalysts with the extraordinary HER performance is presented.
A simple strategy to synthesize an ultrathin molybdenum disulfide/nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (MoS2/N‐RGO‐180) nanocomposite with the enlarged interlayer spacing of 9.5 Å is reported. MoS2/N‐RGO‐180 exhibits excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic activity with a low onset potential of −5 mV versus RHE, a small Tafel slope of 41.3 mV dec−1 and good stability over 5000 cycles.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Conditional knockout mice with targeted disruption of B-cell associated protein (BAP)31 in adult mouse liver were generated and challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 36 or 96 days and markers of ...obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis were determined. Mutant mice were indistinguishable from WT littermates, but exhibited increased HFD-induced obesity. BAP31-deletion in hepatocytes increased the expression of SREBP1C and the target genes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, and increased hepatic lipid accumulation and HFD-induced liver steatosis. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that BAP31 interacts with SREBP1C and insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1), and BAP31-deletion reduces INSIG1 expression, suggesting that BAP31 may regulate SREBP1C activity by modulating INSIG1 protein levels. Additionally, BAP31-deletion induced glucose and insulin intolerance, decreased Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation, and enhanced hepatic glucose production in mice. Expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers was significantly induced in BAP31-mutant mice. HFD-induced inflammation was aggravated in mutant mice, along with increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-κB activation. These findings demonstrate that BAP31-deletion induces SREBP activation and promotes hepatic lipid accumulation, reduces insulin signaling, impairs glucose/insulin tolerance, and increases ER stress and hepatic inflammation, explaining the protective roles of BAP31 in the development of liver steatosis and insulin resistance in HFD-induced obesity in animal models.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Electrochemical water splitting is one of the most economical and sustainable methods for large-scale hydrogen production. However, the development of low-cost and earth-abundant non-noble-metal ...catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction remains a challenge. Here we report a two-dimensional coupled hybrid of molybdenum carbide and reduced graphene oxide with a ternary polyoxometalate-polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite as a precursor. The hybrid exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction and excellent stability in acidic media, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the best among these reported non-noble-metal catalysts. Theoretical calculations on the basis of density functional theory reveal that the active sites for hydrogen evolution stem from the pyridinic nitrogens, as well as the carbon atoms, in the graphene. In a proof-of-concept trial, an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution is fabricated, which may open new avenues for the design of nanomaterials utilizing POMs/conducting polymer/reduced-graphene oxide nanocomposites.
Stretchable self‐healing supercapacitors (SCs) can operate under extreme deformation and restore their initial properties after damage with considerably improved durability and reliability, expanding ...their opportunities in numerous applications, including smart wearable electronics, bioinspired devices, human–machine interactions, etc. It is challenging, however, to achieve mechanical stretchability and self‐healability in energy storage technologies, wherein the key issue lies in the exploitation of ideal electrode and electrolyte materials with exceptional mechanical stretchability and self‐healing ability besides conductivity. Conductive hydrogels (CHs) possess unique hierarchical porous structure, high electrical/ionic conductivity, broadly tunable physical and chemical properties through molecular design and structure regulation, holding tremendous promise for stretchable self‐healing SCs. Hence, this review is innovatively constructed with a focus on stretchable and self‐healing CH based electrodes and electrolytes for SCs. First, the common synthetic approaches of CHs are introduced; then the stretching and self‐healing strategies involved in CHs are systematically elaborated; followed by an explanation of the conductive mechanism of CHs; then focusing on CH‐based electrodes and electrolytes for stretchable self‐healing SCs; subsequently, application of stretchable and self‐healing SCs in wearable electronics are discussed; finally, a conclusion is drawn along with views on the challenges and future research directions regarding the field of CHs for SCs.
Conductive hydrogels (CHs) are a new class of soft functional materials that have recently found application in flexible energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors (SCs). Herein, the promise of CHs in this emerging field is demonstrated through summarizing their roles as ideal electrode and electrolyte materials for stretchable and self‐healing SCs.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Macrophages are highly heterogeneous and exhibit a diversity of functions and phenotypes. They can be divided into pro‐inflammatory macrophages (M1) and anti‐inflammatory macrophages (M2). Diabetic ...wounds are characterized by a prolonged inflammatory phase and difficulty in healing due to the accumulation of pro‐inflammatory (M1) macrophages in the wound. Therefore, hydrogel dressings with macrophage heterogeneity regulation function hold great promise in promoting diabetic wound healing in clinical applications. However, the precise conversion of pro‐inflammatory M1 to anti‐inflammatory M2 macrophages by simple and biosafe approaches is still a great challenge. Here, an all‐natural hydrogel with the ability to regulate macrophage heterogeneity is developed to promote angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. The protocatechuic aldehyde hybridized collagen‐based all‐natural hydrogel exhibits good bioadhesive and antibacterial properties as well as reactive oxygen species scavenging ability. More importantly, the hydrogel is able to convert M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages without the need for any additional ingredients or external intervention. This simple and safe immunomodulatory approach shows great application potential for shortening the inflammatory phase of diabetic wound repair and accelerating wound healing.
An all‐natural hydrogel composed of small molecules pro‐catechol and collagen is developed to promote diabetic wound healing by modulating macrophage heterogeneity. The hydrogel exhibits good bioadhesive, antibacterial, and reactive oxygen species scavenging abilities. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that the hydrogel is able to promote the conversion of pro‐inflammatory (M1) macrophages to anti‐inflammatory (M2) macrophages and the expression of anti‐inflammatory factors.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
An organic crystal of 4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (pCBP) exhibits time‐dependent afterglow color from blue to orange over 1 s. Both experimental and computational data confirm that the color ...evolution results from well‐separated, long‐persistent thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with different but comparable decay rates. TADF is enabled by a small S1–T1 energy gap of 0.7 kcal mol−1. The good separation of TADF and RTP is due to a 11.8 kcal mol−1 difference in the S0 energies of the S1 and T1 structures, indicating that apart from the excited‐state properties, tuning the ground state is also important for luminescence properties. This afterglow color evolution of pCBP allows its applications in anticounterfeiting and data encryption with high security levels.
Organic sunset: A time‐dependent afterglow color in a single‐component organic molecular crystal was observed. It originates from well‐separated, long‐persistent thermally activated delayed fluorescence and room‐temperature phosphorescence with different but comparable decay rates.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Intracellular tau accumulation forming neurofibrillary tangles is hallmark pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but how tau accumulation induces synapse impairment is elusive. By overexpressing ...human full‐length wild‐type tau (termed hTau) to mimic tau abnormality as seen in the brain of sporadic AD patients, we find that hTau accumulation activates JAK2 to phosphorylate STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) at Tyr701 leading to STAT1 dimerization, nuclear translocation, and its activation. STAT1 activation suppresses expression of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) through direct binding to the specific GAS element of GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B promoters, while knockdown of STAT1 by AAV‐Cre in STAT1flox/flox mice or expressing dominant negative Y701F‐STAT1 efficiently rescues hTau‐induced suppression of NMDAR expression with amelioration of synaptic functions and memory performance. These findings indicate that hTau accumulation impairs synaptic plasticity through JAK2/STAT1‐induced suppression of NMDAR expression, revealing a novel mechanism for hTau‐associated synapse and memory deficits.
Synopsis
Tau accumulation, one hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, induces synaptic impairment by activating JAK2/STAT1 signaling, which transcriptionally suppresses N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors. Downregulation of STAT1 ameliorates synaptic function and memory performance in mice.
Accumulation of hTau triggers JAK2‐dependent STAT1 dimerization, activation and nuclear translocation.
STAT1 activation directly suppresses N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor expression.
Downregulation of STAT1 rescues hTau‐induced N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor suppression.
Tau accumulation, one hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, induces synaptic impairment by activating JAK2/STAT1 signaling, which transcriptionally suppresses N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors. Downregulation of STAT1 ameliorates synaptic function and memory performance in mice.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Since December 2019, novel coronavirus infected pneumonia emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China. In severe novel coronavirus pneumonia cases, the number of platelets, their ...dynamic changes during the treatment, platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were a concern. We sought to describe the platelet feature of these cases. Single‐center case series of the 30 hospitalized patients with confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID)‐19 in Huizhou municipal central hospital from January 2020 to February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic, clinical, blood routine results, other laboratory results, and treatment data were collected and analyzed. Outcomes of severe patients and nonsevere patients were compared. Univariate analysis showed that: age, platelet peaks, and PLR at peak platelet were the influencing factors in severe patients, multivariate analysis showed that the PLR value at peak platelet during treatment was an independent influencing factor in severe patients. The average hospitalization day of patients with platelet peaks during treatment was longer than those without platelet peaks (P < .05). The average age of patients with platelet peaks during treatment was older than those without platelet peaks (P < .05). The patients with significantly elevated platelets during treatment had longer average hospitalization days. And the higher PLR of patients during treatment had longer average hospitalization days. Single‐center case series of the 30 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID‐19 in Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, presumed that the number of platelets and their dynamic changes during the treatment may have a suggestion on the severity and prognosis of the disease. The patient with markedly elevated platelets and longer average hospitalization days may be related to the cytokine storm. The PLR of patients means the degree of cytokine storm, which might provide a new indicator in the monitoring in patients with COVID‐19.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Fresh-cut browning is a significant global challenge for fresh-cut produce. Riboflavin has been studied in terms of physiological function; however, its effect on fresh-cut browning remains elusive. ...Here, the changes in quality attributes including browning, phenolic metabolism, and oxidative metabolism were compared between fresh-cut apples treated with riboflavin coupled with LED-blue illumination, and control. LED-based riboflavin treatment is an effective strategy for quality preservation of fresh-cut apples, as indicated by controlled browning, microbial growth, weight loss and softening, as well as improved whiteness and soluble solid content. Enzymatic activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were repressed by the riboflavin application, whereas the phenolic content was enhanced. The reduced membrane peroxidation can be explained by the impairment of H2O2 accumulation due to an enhanced antioxidant system. In conclusion, photosensitizing riboflavin can reduce the browning of fresh-cut apples by inhibiting phenolic metabolism and strengthening the antioxidant system to avoid membrane peroxidation.
•LED-illuminated riboflavin controlled the browning of fresh-cut apples.•The riboflavin treatment inhibited the activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase.•The riboflavin treatment alleviated membrane peroxidation.•The riboflavin treatment enhanced the antioxidant system.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Object detection has been a challenging task in computer vision. Although significant progress has been made in object detection with deep neural networks, the attention mechanism has yet to be fully ...developed. In this paper, we propose a hybrid attention mechanism for single-stage object detection. First, we present the modules of spatial attention, channel attention and aligned attention for single-stage object detection. In particular, dilated convolution layers with symmetrically fixed rates are stacked to learn spatial attention. A channel attention mechanism with the cross-level group normalization and squeeze-and-excitation operation is proposed. Aligned attention is constructed with organized deformable filters. Second, the three types of attention are unified to construct the hybrid attention mechanism. We then plug the hybrid attention into Retina-Net and propose the efficient single-stage HAR-Net for object detection. The attention modules and the proposed HAR-Net are evaluated on the COCO detection dataset. The experiments demonstrate that hybrid attention can significantly improve the detection accuracy and that the HAR-Net can achieve a state-of-the-art 45.8% mAP, thus outperforming existing single-stage object detectors.
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