Collective memory, especially the memory of war, is of critical importance to the cohesion of an ethnic group. This paper takes an interest in the collective memory of ethnic war in Kazuo Ishiguro's ...The Buried Giant. It firstly examines the influence of the loss and recall of collective war memory, which impacts the (re)shaping of group identity. It then introduces the idea of "symbolic politics", and illustrates that the stories in the novel and their real-world parallels suggest that the manipulative elites could consolidate particular collective war memories for their own interests or the needs of the present. Collective war memory could be constructed to build ethnic myths which could evoke emotions like hatred and fear. However, neither the deliberate suppressing/forgetting of the traumatic memory of war, nor the sudden remembering/emphasising of fear and crisis are the way to coexist in harmony with others. It concludes that some key factors of forgiveness emphasised in the novel might help with peacebuilding in the postwar world and finally complete the process of reconciliation.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The plant immune system is fundamental for plant survival in natural ecosystems and for productivity in crop fields. Substantial evidence supports the prevailing notion that plants possess a ...two-tiered innate immune system, called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PTI is triggered by microbial patterns via cell surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), whereas ETI is activated by pathogen effector proteins via predominantly intracellularly localized receptors called nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs)
. PTI and ETI are initiated by distinct activation mechanisms and involve different early signalling cascades
. Here we show that Arabidopsis PRR and PRR co-receptor mutants-fls2 efr cerk1 and bak1 bkk1 cerk1 triple mutants-are markedly impaired in ETI responses when challenged with incompatible Pseudomonas syrinage bacteria. We further show that the production of reactive oxygen species by the NADPH oxidase RBOHD is a critical early signalling event connecting PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, and that the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 is necessary for full activation of RBOHD, gene expression and bacterial resistance during ETI. Moreover, NLR signalling rapidly augments the transcript and/or protein levels of key PTI components. Our study supports a revised model in which potentiation of PTI is an indispensable component of ETI during bacterial infection. This revised model conceptually unites two major immune signalling cascades in plants and mechanistically explains some of the long-observed similarities in downstream defence outputs between PTI and ETI.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Self-heating-induced healing of lithium dendrites Li, Lu; Basu, Swastik; Wang, Yiping ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
03/2018, Volume:
359, Issue:
6383
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Lithium (Li) metal electrodes are not deployable in rechargeable batteries because electrochemical plating and stripping invariably leads to growth of dendrites that reduce coulombic efficiency and ...eventually short the battery. It is generally accepted that the dendrite problem is exacerbated at high current densities. Here, we report a regime for dendrite evolution in which the reverse is true. In our experiments, we found that when the plating and stripping current density is raised above ~9 milliamperes per square centimeter, there is substantial self-heating of the dendrites, which triggers extensive surface migration of Li. This surface diffusion heals the dendrites and smoothens the Li metal surface. We show that repeated doses of high-current-density healing treatment enables the safe cycling of Li-sulfur batteries with high coulombic efficiency.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Breath, as an important health monitoring indicator, provides valuable diagnostic information for cardiovascular disease and pulmonary function. Humidity can act as a bridge between breath and ...sensing signals. Current monitoring methods depend on humidity-sensitive material characteristics. In this work, an all fiber-optic flexible humidity sensor for wearable breath monitoring is reported. An eccentric fiber Bragg grating (EFBG) is inscribed in a single mode fiber to excite a stable core mode and sensitive cladding modes. The core mode is shown to maintain stable spectral features under a high-humidity atmosphere and can be used to calibrate the wavelength and power of the system. Importantly, the interface evanescent field of the cladding mode is highly sensitive to the ambient refractive index (RI) and even humidity-induced RI variation. Without combining any sensitized material, EFBG can directly perceive humidity fluctuations during breath with fast response (92 ms) and recovery times (100 ms). Different breathing patterns can be recognized, and breathing frequency can be extracted by sensor responses. The EFBG humidity sensor demonstrates great reproducibility, fast response, high flexibility, excellent robustness, and self-compensation capability, showing promising potential for wearable breath monitoring.
•A novel all-fiber humidity sensor without any additional sensitive material is proposed for human breath monitoring.•The proposed sensor is successfully applied to monitor human breathing with different breathing pattern.•The proposed sensor offers self-compensation for source power fluctuation and temperature effect.•The long-term stability, reliability and reproducibility of proposed sensor are superior to most sensitized material based sensors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
We investigate the microhole collapse property of different photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) and its effect on the splice loss using an electric arc fusion splicer. The physical mechanism of the splice ...loss for different kinds of PCFs is studied, and a guideline for splicing these PCFs and conventional single-mode fibers (SMFs) is proposed. We demonstrate a low-loss fusion splicing of five different PCFs with SMFs, including large-mode PCF, hollow-core PCF, nonlinear PCFs, and polarization-maintaining PCF.
Macrophages are found in normal kidney and in increased numbers in diseased kidney, where they act as key players in renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous ...cells and exhibit distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics in response to various stimuli in the local microenvironment in different types of kidney disease. In kidney tissue necrosis and/or infection, damage- and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce pro-inflammatory macrophages, which contribute to further tissue injury, inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis. Apoptotic cells and anti-inflammatory factors in post-inflammatory tissues induced anti-inflammatory macrophages, which can mediate kidney repair and regeneration. This review summarizes the role of macrophages with different phenotypes in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in various acute and chronic kidney diseases. Understanding alterations of kidney microenvironment and the factors that control the phenotype and functions of macrophages may offer an avenue for the development of new cellular and cytokine/growth factor-based therapies as alternative treatment options for patients with kidney disease.
A liquid-crystal-filled photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed for electro-optical modulation. The E7 liquid crystal is precisely filled in one of the innermost air holes of the PCF and forms an ...in-fiber optical coupler, and the resonance wavelength can be tuned with a sensitivity of 5.594 nm/Vrms when an external voltage is applied. The device can operate as an electro-optical switch/modulator and exhibits response and recovery times of approximately 47 and 24 ms, respectively from 1414 nm to more than 1700 nm. The proposed structure is expected to have potential applications in electric field sensing and wavelength-tunable electro-optical devices.
An optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) for high sensitivity temperature sensing is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The oscillation frequency of the OEO is determined by a single passband ...microwave photonic filter (MPF) in the OEO loop, which is implemented using a broadband light source, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), a dispersion compensating fiber, and a photodetector. One arm of the MZI is used as a sensing arm, which is exposed to temperature variations and the other arm is used as a reference arm. When the temperature is changed, the length difference between the two arms is changed, which leads to the change of the free spectral range of the MZI. Since the central frequency of the MPF is a function of the FSR, the oscillation frequency of the OEO is affected by the temperature variations. By measuring the frequency change, the temperature change to the sensing arm is estimated. The proposed approach is experimentally evaluated. High sensitivity temperature sensing with a sensitivity of 3.7 MHz/°C is experimentally demonstrated.
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