Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) feature high safety, low cost, environmental‐friendliness, and promising electrochemical performance, and are therefore regarded as a potential technology to be applied in ...large‐scale energy storage devices. However, ZIBs still face some critical challenges and bottlenecks. The electrolyte is an essential component of batteries and its properties affect the mass transport, energy storage mechanisms, reaction kinetics, and side reactions of ZIBs. The adjustment of electrolyte formulas usually has direct and obvious impacts on the overall output and performance. In this review, advanced electrolyte strategies are overviewed for optimizing the compatibility between cathode materials and electrolytes, inhibiting anode corrosion and dendrite growth, extending electrochemical stability windows, enabling wearable applications, and enhancing temperature tolerance. The underlying scientific mechanisms, electrolyte design principles, and recent progress are presented to provide a better understanding and inspiration to readers. In addition, a comprehensive perspective about electrolyte design and engineering for ZIBs is included.
In this review, the basic scientific issues of Zinc‐ion batteries are carefully analyzed and the recent development in extending lifespan, suppressing dendrite formation, inhibiting side reactions, widening electrochemical stability window, and extending useable temperature range via electrolyte design and engineering are discussed. The comparation among different strategies and effect evaluation is provided, as well as the perspectives of future trends.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Rechargeable aqueous Zn‐ion batteries promise high capacity, low cost, high safety, and sustainability for large‐scale energy storage. The Zn metal anode, however, suffers from the dendrite growth ...and side reactions that are mainly due to the absence of an appropriate solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Herein, the in situ formation of a dense, stable, and highly Zn2+‐conductive SEI layer (hopeite) in aqueous Zn chemistry is demonstrated, by introducing Zn(H2PO4)2 salt into the electrolyte. The hopeite SEI (≈140 nm thickness) enables uniform and rapid Zn‐ion transport kinetics for dendrite‐free Zn deposition, and restrains the side reactions via isolating active Zn from the bulk electrolyte. Under practical testing conditions with an ultrathin Zn anode (10 µm), a low negative/positive capacity ratio (≈2.3), and a lean electrolyte (9 µL mAh−1), the Zn/V2O5 full cell retains 94.4% of its original capacity after 500 cycles. This work provides a simple yet practical solution to high‐performance aqueous battery technology via building in situ SEI layers.
A unique electrolyte design strategy for in situ solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) construction is proposed in aqueous Zn chemistry to stabilize the Zn–electrolyte interface. Apart from the realization of high Zn reversibility and utilization, the exploitation of the robust in situ SEI enables significantly enhanced cyclability of Zn/V2O5 full cells under practical conditions.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Ultrasound-mediated neuromodulation is emerging as a key technology for targeted noninvasive brain stimulation, but key insights into its effects and dose-response characteristics are still missing. ...The purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate the effect of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) on complementary aspects of cerebral hemodynamic. We simultaneously record the EMG signal, local field potential (LFP) and cortical blood flow (CBF) using electrophysiological recording and laser speckle contrast imaging under ultrasound stimulation to simultaneously monitor motor responses, neural activities and hemodynamic changes during the application of low-intensity TUS in mouse motor cortex, using excitation pulses which caused whisker and tail movement. Our experimental results demonstrate interdependent TUS-induced motor, neural activity and hemodynamic responses that peak approximately 0.55s, 1.05s and 2.5s after TUS onset, respectively, and show a linear coupling relationship between their respective varying response amplitudes to repeated stimuli. We also found monotonic dose-response parametric relations of the CBF peak value increase as a function of stimulation intensity and duration, while stimulus duty-cycle had only a weak effect on peak responses. These findings demonstrate that TUS induces a change in cortical hemodynamics and LSCI provide a high temporal resolution view of these changes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Graphitic carbon nitride (g/C3N4) is of promise as a highly efficient metal‐free photocatalyst, yet engineering the photocatalytic behaviours for efficiently and selectively degrading complicated ...molecules is still challenging. Herein, the photocatalytic behaviors of g/C3N4 are modified by tuning the energy band, optimizing the charge extraction, and decorating the cocatalyst. The combination shows a synergistic effect for boosting the photocatalytic degradation of a representative antibiotic, lincomycin, both in the degradation rate and the degree of decomposition. In comparison with the intrinsic g/C3N4, the structurally optimized photocatalyst shows a tenfold enhancement in degradation rate. Interestingly, various methods and experiments demonstrate the specific catalytic mechanisms for the multiple systems of g/C3N4‐based photocatalysts. In the degradation, the active species, including ·O2−, ·OH, and h+, have different contributions in the different photocatalysts. The intermediate, H2O2, plays an important role in the photocatalytic process, and the detailed functions and originations are clarified for the first time.
The photocatalytic behaviors of g/C3N4 are modified via multiple strategies. The combination of CD‐rGO‐O‐g/C3N4 shows superior activity compared to pristine g/C3N4 and a synergistic effect for photocatalytic degradation of lincomycin both in the degradation rate and the degree of decomposition. In addition, the intermediate, H2O2, plays an important role in the photocatalytic process.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•The intensity map model effectively reveals the complex patterns of land use change.•Urbanization and agriculturalization are the primary manifestations of changes in LULC.•The ...response mechanism of ESV to changes in LULC is analyzed.•Multi scenario simulation of future LULC and ESV based on Markov-PLUS model.•Ecological restoration measures have a curbing effect on the degradation of ESVs.
Changes in land-use patterns are the main driving factors of ecosystem service values (ESVs). The quantitative evaluation of ESVs is significant for the sustainable development of ecologically fragile areas. In this study, the Chishui River Basin (CRB) in China was selected as the study region, and an intensity map (IM) was used to analyze the transformation of land use/land cover (LULC). The modified equivalent coefficient value method was used to evaluate the ESVs based on the 2000, 2010, and 2020 land use datasets. The spatial and temporal distributions of ESV and its response to changes in LULC were analyzed using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistical method and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Moreover, spatial and temporal changes in LULC and ESV over the next 30 years in the four development scenarios were simulated using the Markov-PLUS model. The following results were obtained: 1) The farmland and forestland were the dominant LULC categories, and that the LULC pattern dramatically changed in the study area; 2) the total ESV of the CRB decreased significantly from 23.21 billion yuan in 2000 to 22.29 billion yuan in 2020; and 3) the ecological conservation scenario significantly promoted the total ESV, and the town development scenario was more conducive to the urbanization process. Therefore, although the ESV of the CRB showed a decreasing to slowly increasing trend in the context of a series of ecological restoration measures, scientific ecological protection and development policies must be continuously implemented to achieve harmony between ecological service improvement and urbanization development. Our results provide important information for making land-use decisions and facilitating sustainable development in ecologically protected basins.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Mapping ice and open water in ocean bodies is important for numerous purposes, including environmental analysis and ship navigation. The Canadian Ice Service (CIS) has stipulated a need for an ...automated ice-water discrimination algorithm using dual polarization images produced by RADARSAT-2. Automated methods can provide mappings in larger volumes, with more consistency, and in finer resolutions, which are otherwise impractical to generate. We have developed such an automated ice-water discrimination system called MAp-Guided Ice Classification. First, the HV (horizontal transmit polarization, vertical receive polarization) scene is classified using the "glocal" method, i.e., a hierarchical region-based classification method based on the published iterative region growing using semantics (IRGS) algorithm. Second, a pixel-based support vector machine (SVM) using a nonlinear radial basis function kernel classification is performed exploiting synthetic aperture radar gray-level cooccurrence texture and backscatter features. Finally, the IRGS and SVM classification results are combined using the IRGS approach but with a modified energy function to accommodate the SVM pixel-based information. The combined classifier was tested on 20 ground truthed dual polarization RADARSAT-2 scenes of the Beaufort Sea containing a variety of ice types and water patterns across melt, summer, and freeze-up periods. The average leave-one-out classification accuracy with respect to these ground truths is 96.42%, with a minimum of 89.95% for one scene. The MAGIC system is now under consideration by the CIS for operational use.
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•Ecosystem services (ESs) increased in Guiyang City during 1995–2019.•Landscape composition had a greater impact on ESs than landscape configuration.•Woodland proportion and SHDI had ...the most significant effect on total ESs synergies.•The trade-offs and synergies of ESs might be reversed while their interaction is weak.
Exploring the effects of landscape pattern changes on ecosystem services (ESs) and its interactions could provide a new method to reduce the trade-offs between ESs from the perspective of landscape pattern optimization, thus contributing to the sustainable management of ESs. In this study, the Guiyang City which is a typical karst mountainous city in China was used as the study region, using InVEST model, Spearman’s correlation and Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model, the study assessed the changes and trade-offs of four key types of ESs (i.e., carbon storage (CS), habitat quality (HQ), soil conservation (SC), water yield (WY)) from 1995 to 2019, and analyzed the impacts of landscape pattern on the synergies of ESs. The results showed that ESs in Guiyang City steadily increased during 1995–2019, with CS, HQ, SC, WY, and total ecosystem services (TES) increased by 6.67%, 7.66%, 27.16%, 13.08%, and 11.81%, respectively. The relationship of CS-SC and SC-WY were mainly trade-offs, while the other ESs types were mainly synergies. Moreover, the interaction of static ESs was reversed with that of dynamic spatiotemporal ESs when the lower interaction relationship between static ESs. The effects of landscape pattern changes on ESs and ESs interactions have obvious spatial and scale heterogeneity. Landscape composition had a greater impact on ESs than landscape configuration. Proportion of woodland (Wood_per) and Shannon’s Diversity Index (SHDI) were the main factors influencing the synergies effect of TES. The results could provide practical references for ESs improvement-oriented landscape pattern planning and ecosystem service management in the Guiyang City and in similar fragile ecological regions, which is helpful for the improvement of ESs and high-quality sustainable development.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Numerous ongoing trials are testing anti-PD-1-based or anti-PD-L1-based cancer treatment combinations. Understanding the toxicity profiles of treatment-related adverse events is essential. The aim of ...this study was to comprehensively investigate the incidences and profiles of treatment-related adverse events across different combination therapies.
We did a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing different chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy combinations with PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors. We searched Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for articles published in English between Jan 1, 2000, and May 21, 2020, investigating globally approved PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapies. Only prospective trials reporting overall incidence or tabulated data of treatment-related adverse events were included. Trials investigating sequential therapies, comprising three or more classes of therapies, and enrolling less than ten patients were excluded. The primary outcomes were overall incidences and profiles for all-grade and grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events by random-effect models. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed with I2 statistics. The summary measures for main outcomes are incidences (95% CI). The 95% CI were calculated together with the incidence through a random-effects model with a logit transformation. The protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020189617).
We identified 2540 records, of which 161 studies (17 197 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The overall incidence of treatment-related adverse events in the chemotherapy combination was 97·7% (95% CI 96·4–98·5; I2=75%) for all-grade adverse events and 68·3% (60·7–75·0; I2=93%) for grade 3 or higher adverse events; in the targeted therapy combination was 94·5% (90·7–96·8; I2=86%) for all-grade adverse events and 47·3% (37·3–57·5; I2=93%) for grade 3 or higher adverse events; in the immunotherapy combination was 86·8% (80·9–91·1; I2=94%) for all-grade adverse events and 35·9% (29·5–42·9; I2=92%) for grade 3 or higher adverse events; and in the radiotherapy combination was 89·4% (69·0–96·9; I2=74%) for all-grade adverse events and 12·4% (4·4–30·6; I2=73%) for grade 3 or higher adverse events. For these four combination therapies, the most common all-grade adverse events were anaemia (45.4% 95% CI 32·4–59·1), fatigue (34·3% 27·5–41·9), fatigue (26·4% 19·2–35·2), and dysphagia (30·0% 18·7–44·5), respectively, and the most common grade 3 or higher adverse events were neutropenia (19·6% 13·5–27·7), hypertension (9·3% 5·7–14·9), lipase increased (7·2% 5·2–9·9), and lymphopenia (10·3% 4·5–21·8). All included randomised controlled trials had a low risk of bias.
Our study provides comprehensive data on treatment-related adverse events of different PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapies. Our results provide an essential reference of toxicity profiles of PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapies for clinicians in routine practice of cancer care.
National Key Research and Development Programme, National Natural Science Foundation of China key program, National Natural Science Foundation of China general program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Initiative for Innovative Medicine, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•The optimal indices were determined to landscape pattern analysis in karst areas.•90 m and 1000 m were optimal landscape grain and extent, respectively.•Urbanization and ecologization were main ...trends of landscape pattern changes.•Landscape fragmentation was intensified with the regularity tendency of patch shape.
The accurate analysis of landscape pattern and ecological process characteristics in rapidly urbanized areas is crucial for formulating policies related to differentiated urban development and landscape management measures. However, there are no convincing set of overall indices suitable and the optimal scale in karst mountainous regions. This study determined optimal landscape indices and scales and analysed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of landscape patterns in the karst mountainous city of central Guizhou Province by taking Guiyang City as a case study area using Principal component analysis and inflection point analysis. The results show that: (1) the nine landscape indices (i.e., edge density (ED), mean radius of gyration (GYRATE_MN), mean contiguity index (CONTIG_MN), mean shape index (SHAPE_MN), contagion index (CONTAG), interspersion and juxtaposition index (IJI), Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), proportion of urban area (UI), Gibbs-Martin diversity index(GM)) were optimal indices of landscape pattern analysis in karst mountainous cities, with optimal landscape grain and extent of 90 m and 1000 m, respectively; (2) from 1995 to 2019, the landscape pattern in karst mountainous region has changed dramatically under the impact of rapid urbanization, and urbanization and ecologization were main trends of landscape pattern changes; and (3) the landscape fragmentation was intensified with the regularity tendency of patch shape, which is still facing severe challenges to the protection of regional ecological environment. This study makes important contributions to exploring the response between landscape pattern changes and ecological processes and promoting ecological sustainable development in karst mountain cities.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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