This paper aims to explore the relationship between Karl Marx's concept of justice and Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach. Nusbaum follows the Aristotelian idea of man as a political animal, ...which is intrinsically consistent with Marx's view of human nature, but she provides us with a new normative perspective to reconsider Marxism. When she initially began to design the list of core capabilities, Nussbaum stated that her capabilities approach originated from Marx's idea of 'genuinely human functions', which requires society to provide a reasonable political arrangement so that humans have the ability to obtain real freedom. Her approach relies on Marx's early understanding of 'human flourishing', and it is also influenced by Marx's ideas about 'the theory of need' and 'the theory of alienation'. From this point of view, Nussbaum's capability theory of justice reveals different aspects of Marx's understanding of justice.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The use of carbon nanotube- and graphene-based nanomaterials as a high-performance electrode is one of the promising directions when it comes to developing high-voltage supercapacitors with both a ...high power density and high energy density. However, the mass production and post-treatment of the carbon nanotube/graphene-based nanomaterials with high purity are necessary steps toward the commercialization of high-performance supercapacitors, and the challenges in engineering carbon nanotube/graphene-based nanomaterials for device-scale supercapacitors also need to be considered. In this review, the authors first introduce the chemical vapor deposition for large-scale preparation of carbon nanotube/graphene-based nanomaterials and the exfoliation method for graphene, which are followed by the methods used to purify these nanomaterials. Then, the capacitance performance of the carbon nanotube/graphene-based nanomaterials in the electrolytes of a high-voltage window is discussed, including the discussion of the capacitance limit of sp2 carbon materials, as well as a comparison of the capacitance performance in ionic liquids electrolytes with that in organic electrolytes and a discussion of low-temperature performance. Finally, the challenges in fabricating supercapacitor devices, such as the intake of excess liquids, the densification of carbon nanotube/graphene-based electrodes, and the reduction of the resistance of supercapacitors, are addressed.
The use of carbon nanotube- and graphene-based nanomaterials as the high-performance electrode is supposed to be one of a promising direction to develop high-voltage supercapacitor with both high power density and high energy density. In this review, the chemical vapor deposition and the exfoliation methods for the large-scale preparation of carbon nanotube, graphene and their hybrids were reviewed, and the purification methods to remove metal impurities and oxygen-containing functional groups were introduced. Then the capacitance performance of the carbon nanotube/graphene-based nanomaterials in electrolytes of high voltage window was discussed, including the comparison with the organic electrolyte and the discussion of low-temperature performance. The methods in fabricating supercapacitor device including the intake of excess liquids, the densification of carbon nanotube/graphene-based electrode and the reduction of resistance of supercapacitor are also addressed. Display omitted
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted worldwide research interest in the past two decades owing to their extraordinary properties and wide applications in numerous fields. Among various types of ...CNTs, the horizontally aligned CNT (HACNT) arrays, which consist of CNTs grown on flat substrates and parallel with each other with large intertube distances and lengths up to centimeters, show many advantages due to their perfect structures and extraordinary mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. HACNTs show great potential as building blocks for transparent displays, nano electronics, quantum lines, field emission transistors, superstrong tethers, aeronautics and astronics materials, and even space elevators. During the past years, great progress has been achieved in HACNT research. In this review, we systematically review the growth mechanism, structure control, morphology control, characterization, manipulation, properties, and applications of HACNTs. Finally, we present a summary and outlook for the future development of HACNTs. We hope these advances will shed light on the future study of HACNTs.
Air filtration in the free molecular flow (FMF) regime is important and challenging because a higher filtration efficiency and lower pressure drop are obtained when the fiber diameter is smaller than ...the gas mean free path in the FMF regime. In previous studies, FMF conditions have been obtained by increasing the gas mean free path through reducing the pressure and increasing the temperature. In the case of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with nanoscale diameters, it is possible to filtrate in the FMF regime under normal conditions. This paper reviews recent progress in theoretical and experimental studies of air filtration in the FMF regime. Typical structure models of high‐efficiency particulate (HEPA) air filters based on CNTs are introduced. The pressure drop in air filters operated in the FMF regime is less than that predicted by the conventional air filtration theory. The thinnest HEPA filters fabricated from single‐walled CNT films have an extremely low pressure drop. CNT air filters with a gradient nanostructure are shown to give a much better filtration performance in dynamic filtration. CNT air filters with a hierarchical structure and an agglomerated CNT fluidized bed air filter are also introduced. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for the application of CNTs in air filtration are discussed.
Free molecular flow air filtration based on carbon nanotube air filters – from theoretical modeling to structure design.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The purpose of this paper is to develop a compromise-typed variable weight decision method for solving hybrid multiattribute decision making problems with multiple types of attribute values. The ...compromise-typed variable weight functions are defined and constructed by utility functions. Moreover, the variable weight synthesis and the orness measures based on the coefficients of absolute risk aversion are analyzed in variable weight decision making. The comprehensive values of alternatives based on the compromise-typed variable weight decision method are calculated. The decision-making results are determined according to the comprehensive values. Finally, an example and a detailed comparison analysis are presented to show the applicability and validity of the proposed method.
Herein, we propose a novel method to enhance the photoreactivity of an MOF catalyst by grafting isocyanate bonds (NCO) and sulfhydryl‐complexed copper (SCu) onto ZIF‐8 (NIF‐SCu). The grafting ...process intercalated interlayer bands between the conduction and valence bands of ZIF‐8, thereby providing a “ladder” for facile electron transition. The extreme improvement in the photoreactivity of NIF‐SCu could be attributed to the enhancement in light responses in the range of 350–450 nm by NCO groups and the widening of the visible light range of the MOF by SCu groups. The formation of staggered energy levels in NIF‐SCu could also narrow the band gap, lower the resistance, and facilitate the transfer of photogenerated carriers, thereby generating electrons with strong reduction potential in the SCu conduction band. This study provides a new strategy for improving or even endowing the photoactivity of environmental functional materials with wide bandgaps.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This work focuses on developing diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based small molecular nonfullerene acceptors for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells. The materials, SF‐DPPs, have an X‐shaped ...geometry arising from four DPP units attached to a spirobifluorene (SF) center. The spiro‐dimer of DPP‐fluorene‐DPP is highly twisted, which suppresses strong intermolecular aggregation. Branched 2‐ethylhexyl (EH), linear n‐octyl (C8), and n‐dodecyl (C12) alkyl sides are chosen as substituents to functionalize the N,N‐positions of the DPP moiety to tune molecular interactions. SF‐DPPEH, the best candidate in SF‐DPPs family, when blended with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) showed a moderate crystallinity and gives a Jsc of 6.96 mA cm−2, Voc of 1.10 V, a fill factor of 47.5%, and a power conversion efficiency of 3.63%. However, SF‐DPPC8 and SF‐DPPC12 exhibit lower crystallinity in their BHJ blends, which is responsible for their reduced Jsc. Coupling DPP units with SF using an acetylene bridge yields SF‐A‐DPP molecules. Such a small modification leads to drastically different morphological features and far inferior device performance. These observations demonstrate a solid structure–property relationship by topology control and material design. This work offers a new molecular design approach to develop efficient small molecule nonfullerene acceptors.
A series of spiro‐diketopyrrolopyrroles‐based nonfullerene acceptors with X‐shapes is developed. The substituted alkyl side chains on the acceptors can significantly tailor their crystallinity and bulk heterojunction film morphology. When paring these acceptors with poly(3‐hexylthiophene), a dramatic variation of power conversion efficiency from 1.42% to 3.63% is observed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery system is endowed with tremendous energy density, resulting from the complex sulfur electrochemistry involving multielectron redox reactions and phase transformations. ...Originated from the slow redox kinetics of polysulfide intermediates, the flood of polysulfides in the batteries during cycling induced low sulfur utilization, severe polarization, low energy efficiency, deteriorated polysulfide shuttle, and short cycling life. Herein, sulfiphilic cobalt disulfide (CoS2) was incorporated into carbon/sulfur cathodes, introducing strong interaction between lithium polysulfides and CoS2 under working conditions. The interfaces between CoS2 and electrolyte served as strong adsorption and activation sites for polar polysulfides and therefore accelerated redox reactions of polysulfides. The high polysulfide reactivity not only guaranteed effective polarization mitigation and promoted energy efficiency by 10% but also promised high discharge capacity and stable cycling performance during 2000 cycles. A slow capacity decay rate of 0.034%/cycle at 2.0 C and a high initial capacity of 1368 mAh g–1 at 0.5 C were achieved. Since the propelling redox reaction is not limited to Li–S system, we foresee the reported strategy herein can be applied in other high-power devices through the systems with controllable redox reactions.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
To explore the mechanisms through which hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) modulates the transition of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). The migration ability of RAW264.7 macrophages was ...determined by transwell assay. Flow cytometric, western blot and immunofluorescence analyses of CD206 further validated the M2 polarization of macrophages. Immunofluorescence, western blot and qRT‐PCR were performed to detect the expression of neuropilin‐1 (Nrp‐1) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). An intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IH) animal model was established to evaluate the role of hypoxia in activating M2‐like TAMs in vivo. We also used immunohistochemistry to analyze the association between CAIX, CD163+ macrophages and Nrp‐1 in a series of 72 human cervical cancer specimens. We found that the hypoxic cervical TME educated the recruited macrophages to transform into the M2 phenotype. Nrp‐1 expression was significantly increased in hypoxia‐primed cervical cancer cells. Blocking Nrp‐1 expression prevented hypoxic cells from recruiting and polarizing macrophages towards the M2 phenotype. Hypoxia exposure significantly increased the expression of Nrp‐1 as well as the infiltration of macrophages in vivo. Consistently, immunochemical staining in serial tissue sections of cervical cancer revealed upregulated levels of Nrp‐1 in CAIX‐positive hypoxic regions along with a concurrent significant elevation of M2 macrophages. Nrp‐1 and M2‐like TAMs were related to the malignant properties of cervical cancer, such as the FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis. Nrp‐1 plays critical roles in hypoxic TME‐induced activation and pro‐tumoral effects of TAMs in cervical cancer. Interfering with Nrp‐1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy in treating cervical cancer.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
