Scab disease caused by Fusarium spp. has been a major concern for both wheat producers and consumers. Deployment of scab-resistant varieties is the major strategy to curb this disease. To identify ...the scab resistance genes in wheat cv. Wangshuibai, we produced a F(6:7) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population by crossing Wangshuibai with the scab-susceptible cultivar Nanda2419. The RILs were evaluated for scab resistance in the field by single floret inoculation in two replicates in 2002 and one replicate in 2003. The number of diseased spikelets (NDS) and the length of diseased rachides (LDR) were investigated to reflect the Type II resistance. Among 654 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers surveyed, 326 were found to be polymorphic between the parents. A partial molecular map was constructed with these markers that covered over 2,210 cM of the wheat genome. Six chromosome regions showed association with both NDS and LDR in a one-way ANOVA analysis, even though the variation explained by them varied between the two traits. Eight intervals were detected for their association with Type II resistance through interval mapping, five of which were not identified in single-point analysis. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) with large effects were the ones in the interval of Xgwm533-3-Xgwm533-1 on chromosome 3B and in the interval of Xwmc539-Xbarc024 on chromosome 6B, whose alleles favoring resistance originate from Wangshuibai. In addition, a QTL whose resistance allele originated from Nanda2419 was consistently detected in the interval of Xs1021m-Xgwm47-1 on chromosome 2B. These results suggest that Wangshuibai is the major source for Type II resistance in this population. The markers associated with these QTL would facilitate the use of scab-resistant genes of Wangshuibai in scab resistance breeding programs of wheat.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
To explore the clinical characterist ics and risk factors of hemorrhage complicated by hemoperfusion therapy in patients with acute poisoning.
In January 2021, the clinical data of 196 patients with ...acute poisoning who received hemoperfusion therapy in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 2018 to December 2020 were analyzed, and the patients were divided into bleeding group and non-bleeding group according to whether the patients were complicated with bleeding. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors for hemorrhage in patients treated with hemoperfusion.
A total of 21 patients in the bleeding group and 175 patients in the non-bleeding group were included. There was no significant difference in general data such as gender, age, and body mass index between the two groups (
>0.05) . Organophosphorus pesticides (χ(2)= 4.56,
=0.030) , HA230 perfusion device (χ(2)=4.12,
=0.042) , platelet count (
=-2.33,
=0.009) and activated
A new hybrid model structure combing polynomial models with multiresolution wavelet decompositions is introduced for nonlinear system identification. Polynomial models play an important role in ...approximation theory and have been extensively used in linear and nonlinear system identification. Wavelet decompositions, in which the basis functions have the property of localization in both time and frequency, outperform many other approximation schemes and offer a flexible solution for approximating arbitrary functions. Although wavelet representations can approximate even severe nonlinearities in a given signal very well, the advantage of these representations can be lost when wavelets are used to capture linear or low-order nonlinear behaviour in a signal. In order to sufficiently utilize the global property of polynomials and the local property of wavelet representations simultaneously, in this study polynomial models and wavelet decompositions are combined together in a parallel structure to represent nonlinear input-output systems. As a special form of the NARMAX model, this hybrid model structure will be referred to as the WAvelet-NARMAX model, or simply WANARMAX. Generally, such a WANARMAX representation for an input-output system might involve a large number of basis functions and therefore a great number of model terms. Experience reveals that only a small number of these model terms are significant to the system output. A new fast orthogonal least-squares algorithm, called the matching pursuit orthogonal least squares (MPOLS) algorithm, is also introduced in this study to determine which terms should be included in the final model.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
•Control of grain structures, phases, and defects needs alloy-specific strategies.•Steels, nickel, titanium, aluminum, copper alloys, and graded materials are reviewed.•The use of mechanistic models ...and data-driven techniques are discussed.•Disjointed literature is unified to provide currently unavailable reusable insights.•The opportunities for future research are identified and an outlook is presented.
The properties and serviceability of 3D-printed metal parts depend on a variety of attributes. These include the chemical composition, phases, morphology, spatial distributions of grain size and shape, crystallographic texture, and various defects. Control of these attributes remains an exciting opportunity and a major challenge because of the many process variants and parameters that need to be optimized. The desired attributes of industrially relevant common additive manufacturing alloys such as steels, nickel, titanium, aluminum, and copper alloys, and functionally graded materials vary widely and require alloy-specific strategies for their control. The recent reviews address the valuable processing-microstructure-property relations but do not focus on their control strategies. Here we seek to unify the disjointed literature and critically review recent advances in controlling grain structure, phases, and defects. The emerging use of digital tools such as mechanistic models and data-driven techniques such as machine learning, dimensional analysis, and statistical methods in controlling part attributes is emphasized. Finally, we identify opportunities for high-impact research in metal printing and present an outlook for the future based on existing evidence.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The 2b protein encoded by cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (Cmv2b) acts as an important virulence determinant by suppressing post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), a natural plant defence mechanism ...against viruses. We report here that the tomato aspermy cucumovirus 2b protein (Tav2b), when expressed from the unrelated tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) RNA genome, activates strong host resistance responses to TMV in tobacco which are typical of the gene‐for‐gene disease resistance mechanism. Domain swapping between Cmv2b, which does not elicit these responses, and Tav2b, revealed functional domains in Tav2b critical for triggering virus resistance and hypersensitive cell death. Furthermore, substitution of two amino acids from Tav2b by those found at the same positions in Cmv2b, Lys21→Val and Arg28→Ser, abolished the ability to induce hypersensitive cell death and virus resistance. However, in Nicotiana benthamiana, a species related to tobacco, Tav2b functions as a virulence determinant and suppresses PTGS. Thus, a viral suppressor of the host gene silencing defence mechanism is the target of another independent host resistance mechanism. Our results provide new insights into the complex molecular strategies employed by viruses and their hosts for defence, counter‐defence and counter counter‐defence.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Background
Prolonged fever is associated with adverse outcomes in dengue viral infection. Similar fever patterns are observed in COVID-19 with unclear significance.
Methods
We conducted a ...hospital-based case–control study of patients admitted for COVID-19 with prolonged fever (fever >7 days) and saddleback fever (recurrence of fever, lasting <24 hours, after defervescence beyond day 7 of illness). Fever was defined as a temperature of ≥38.0°C. Cytokines were determined with multiplex microbead-based immunoassay for a subgroup of patients. Adverse outcomes were hypoxia, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and mortality.
Results
A total of 142 patients were included in the study; 12.7% (18/142) of cases had prolonged fever, and 9.9% (14/142) had saddleback fever. Those with prolonged fever had a median duration of fever (interquartile range IQR) of 10 (9–11) days for prolonged fever cases, while fever recurred at a median (IQR) of 10 (8–12) days for those with saddleback fever. Both prolonged (27.8% vs 0.9%; P < .01) and saddleback fever (14.3% vs 0.9%; P = .03) were associated with hypoxia compared with controls. Cases with prolonged fever were also more likely to require ICU admission compared with controls (11.1% vs 0.9%; P = .05). Patients with prolonged fever had higher induced protein–10 and lower interleukin-1α levels compared with those with saddleback fever at the early acute phase of disease.
Conclusions
Prolonged fever beyond 7 days from onset of illness can identify patients who may be at risk of adverse outcomes from COVID-19. Patients with saddleback fever appeared to have good outcomes regardless of the fever.
Efficient colon-specific drug delivery has been demonstrated recently in the treatment of various diseases, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis (inflammatory bowel disease), and colorectal ...cancer.
Of all strategies, the conjugation of a model drug to a carrier (with or without spacers) has been recognized as promising for targeting the colon.
This is because the conjugation method releases large amounts of the drug while reducing the amount of the drug released in the stomach and small intestine.
This review focuses on the design of linkage conjugates that carry out specific delivery to the colon. The types of conjugation for application in colorectal cancer therapy will be discussed as well.
Uncontrolled asthma in adults leads to poor clinical outcome, while the clinical heterogeneity of phenotypes interferes the applicable genetic determinants. This study aimed to identify phenotypes ...and genetic impact on poorly-controlled asthma to optimize individualized treatment strategies.
This propensity score-matched case-control study included 340 and 1020 asthmatics with poorly-controlled asthma and well-controlled asthma, respectively. Data were obtained from the 2008-2015 Taiwan Biobank Database and linked to the National Health Insurance Research Database. All asthmatics were aged ≥30 years, without cancer history, and each completed a questionnaire, physical examination, and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for genetic risk scores were calculated using conditional logistic regression, stratified by age and sex. A model integrating obesity- and asthma-associated phenotypes and genotypes was applied for poorly-controlled asthma risk prediction.
General obesity with body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m
(OR:1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-2.03), central obesity with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) ≥0.5 (OR:1.62, 95% CI 1.22-2.15), and parental history of asthma (OR:1.65, and 1.68; for BMI model and WHtR model, respectively) were significantly associated with poorly-controlled asthma in adults, and the combination effect of both obesity phenotypes was 1.66 (95% CI 1.17-2.35). A total of 16 obesity-associated SNPs and 9 asthma-associated SNPs were converted into genetic scores, and the aforementioned phenotypes were incorporated into the risk prediction model for poorly-controlled asthma, with an area under curve 0.72 in the receiver operating characteristic curve. The potential biological functions of genes are involved in immunity pathways.
The prediction model integrating obesity-asthma phenotypes and genotypes for poorly-controlled asthma can facilitate the prediction of high-risk asthma and provide potential targets for novel treatment.
The high rate of neuropsychologic sequelae in CM survivors indicates that initial antifungal therapy is far from being satisfactory. This prospective cross-sectional study applied DTI on HIV-negative ...CM patients to determine whether microstructural changes in brain tissue are associated with subsequent cognitive symptoms.
Fifteen patients with HIV-negative CM and 15 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers were evaluated and compared. All underwent complete medical and neurologic examinations and neuropsychologic testing. Brain DTI was obtained to derive the FA and ADC of several brain regions. Correlations among DTI parameters, neuropsychologic rating scores, and cryptococcal-antigen titer in CSF were analyzed.
Significant ADC values increased and FA values decreased in HIV-negative CM patients in multiple selected regions of interest, including the genus of the corpus callosum and the frontal, parietal, orbito-frontal, and periventricular white matter and lentiform nucleus. Higher CSF cryptococcal-antigen titer on admission was associated with poorer DTI parameters (r = -0.666, P = .018), which were linearly related to worse cognitive performance during follow-up.
The decline in brain DTI parameters in the associated brain areas indicates an HIV-negative CM microstructural pathology that is related to neuropsychologic consequences.
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