The internalization of the Strong Black Woman (SBW) schema is associated with negative psychological outcomes. However, not much is known about the mechanisms through which this schema leads to poor ...health. We examined the direct associations between the SBW schema and depression, anxiety, and loneliness. We also tested four mediators—maladaptive perfectionism, self-compassion, and two Africultural coping strategies of collective coping and spiritual coping—between the schema and psychological outcomes. Moreover, we examined serial mediation effects. A total of 222 African American women participated in an online survey. Structural equation modeling was conducted, and after controlling for age, family income, and level of education, the direct associations were supported, and the mediator roles of maladaptive perfectionism, self-compassion, and collective coping but not spiritual coping were supported. For serial mediation effects, the SBW schema was first positively associated with maladaptive perfectionism, which was associated with low self-compassion and low use of collective coping, which in turn were correlated with negative psychological outcomes. Racial, economic, and structural inequalities that maintain the SBW schema need to be examined and removed. Clinical interventions should focus on reducing maladaptive perfectionism and increasing self-compassion and collective coping among those who have internalized the schema. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684319883198
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
ABSTRACT
Attachment anxiety is expected to be positively associated with dependence and self‐criticism. However, attachment avoidance is expected to be negatively associated with dependence but ...positively associated with self‐criticism. Both dependence and self‐criticism are expected to be related to depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed from 424 undergraduate participants at a large Midwestern university, using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that the relation between attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms was fully mediated by dependence and self‐criticism, whereas the relation between attachment avoidance and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by dependence and self‐criticism. Moreover, through a multiple‐group comparison analysis, the results indicated that men with high levels of attachment avoidance are more likely than women to be self‐critical.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We tested a modification of the dual pathway model using two sequential mediators between body dissatisfaction and binge eating: restricted eating and difficulties in emotion regulation replacing ...negative affect. A total of 435 college students completed an online survey. Results from path analyses indicated that the relationship between body dissatisfaction and binge eating was not mediated by restricted eating for neither women nor men. However, this relationship was mediated first by restricted eating and then by difficulties in emotion regulation for women only. Moreover, this relationship was mediated by difficulties in emotion regulation for both women and men. A post hoc analysis indicated that the above mediation results were still significant after adding negative affect into the model. No mediations through negative affect were significant. Clinical implications include the conceptualization and intervention of eating concerns within an emotion dysregulation framework.
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In the current study we sought to find support for a culturally modified application of objectification theory to Asian and Asian American women. The positive association between socialization ...experiences (i.e., racial teasing and appearance-focused social pressure) and the outcome variable (i.e., consideration of cosmetic surgery) was hypothesized to be mediated by self-objectification processes (i.e., internalization of beauty standards, body surveillance, and lower body esteem). Results using path analysis showed that culturally dominant (United States) and culturally specific (Asian) internalization of beauty standards, culturally dominant (United States) and culturally specific (Asian) body surveillance, and lower body esteem were significant mediators between socialization experiences and consideration of cosmetic surgery. A multiple-group analysis demonstrated equivalence of the model for Asian international and Asian American female students, showing that both dominant and culturally specific beauty standards may contribute to self-objectification processes for this population.
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Based on Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory, this study was conducted to examine whether the association between emotional suppression and interpersonal harmony would be moderated by cultural group ...(i.e., Chinese and European Americans) and an Asian cultural value (i.e., emotional self-control). A total of 451 college students (205 Chinese and 246 European Americans) participated in this study. As expected, results indicated that the association between emotional suppression and interpersonal harmony was significantly positive for Chinese but not significant for European Americans. Similarly, when emotional self-control was examined as a moderator, the results still confirmed our hypotheses. That is, the association between emotional suppression and interpersonal harmony was significantly positive for those with stronger endorsement of emotional self-control but not for those with weaker endorsement of emotional self-control. Furthermore, we examined whether the above results could be replicated when forbearance (a construct similar to suppression) and distress disclosure (a construct opposite to suppression) were examined. The results showed the same pattern for forbearance and distress disclosure when cultural group or emotional self-control served as the moderator. The convergence of findings increased the robustness of our results. Finally, our data suggest that individuals from Eastern, interdependent cultures (e.g., Chinese) tend to value emotional suppression to preserve interpersonal harmony; individuals from Western, independent cultures may or may not necessarily suppress their emotions for this purpose. A comprehensive understanding of the different meanings of a specific strategy (i.e., emotional suppression) in different cultural contexts is important to promote effective cross-cultural counseling.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Based on Berry’s (1997) model of acculturation, the current study examined whether gratitude would moderate the association between intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and acculturative stress (i.e., ...moderation hypothesis), and mitigate the positive association between IU and psychological distress through acculturative stress (i.e., moderated mediation hypothesis). Participants were 171 international students with Chinese heritage from a Midwest public university. Results from PROCESS supported these hypotheses. First, the positive association between IU and acculturative stress was attenuated to a greater extent at higher compared to lower levels of gratitude. Second, the mediation effect of IU on psychological distress through acculturative stress was weaker among those with higher compared to lower levels of gratitude. Findings demonstrate the protective role of gratitude and the role of IU as a risk factor for psychological distress through acculturative stress. Implications for practice, training, and research are discussed.
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We developed a 12-item, short form of the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (
ECR; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998
) across 6 studies. In Study 1, we examined the reliability and factor ...structure of the measure. In Studies 2 and 3, we cross-validated the reliability, factor structure, and validity of the short form measure; whereas in Study 4, we examined test-retest reliability over a 1-month period. In Studies 5 and 6, we further assessed the reliability, factor structure, and validity of the short version of the ECR when administered as a stand-alone instrument. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that 2 factors, labeled Anxiety and Avoidance, provided a good fit to the data after removing the influence of response sets. We found validity to be equivalent for the short and the original versions of the ECR across studies. Finally, the results were comparable when we embedded the short form within the original version of the ECR and when we administered it as a stand-alone measure.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
P. A. Frazier, A. P. Tix, and K. E. Barron (2004)
highlighted a normal theory method popularized by
R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986)
for testing the statistical significance of indirect effects ...(i.e., mediator variables) in multiple regression contexts. However, simulation studies suggest that this method lacks statistical power relative to some other approaches. The authors describe an alternative developed by
P. E. Shrout and N. Bolger (2002)
based on bootstrap resampling methods. An example and step-by-step guide for performing bootstrap mediation analyses are provided. The test of joint significance is also briefly described as an alternative to both the normal theory and bootstrap methods. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each approach in terms of precision in estimating confidence intervals of indirect effects, Type I error, and Type II error are discussed.
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Carter (2007)
proposed the notion of race-based traumatic stress and argued that experiences of racial discrimination can be viewed as a type of trauma. In a sample of 383 Chinese international ...students at 2 predominantly White midwestern universities, the present results supported this notion and found that perceived racial discrimination predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms over and above perceived general stress. Furthermore,
Berry (1997)
proposed an acculturation framework and recommended that researchers advance the literature by examining the moderation effects on the association between racial discrimination and outcomes. The present results supported the moderation effect for Ethnic SC (i.e., social connectedness in the ethnic community), but not for Mainstream SC (i.e., social connectedness in mainstream society). A simple effects analysis indicated that a high Ethnic SC weakened the strength of the association between perceived racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress symptoms more than a low Ethnic SC. Moreover, although Mainstream SC failed to be a moderator, Mainstream SC was significantly associated with less perceived general stress, less perceived racial discrimination, and less posttraumatic stress symptoms.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
ABSTRACT
Research on subjective well‐being suggests that it is only partly a function of environmental circumstances. There may be a personality characteristic or a resilient disposition toward ...experiencing high levels of well‐being even in unfavorable circumstances. Adult attachment may contribute to this resilient disposition. This study examined whether the association between attachment anxiety and subjective well‐being was mediated by Neff's (2003a, 2003b) concept of self‐compassion. It also examined empathy toward others as a mediator in the association between attachment avoidance and subjective well‐being. In Study 1, 195 college students completed self‐report surveys. In Study 2, 136 community adults provided a cross‐validation of the results. As expected, across these 2 samples, findings suggested that self‐compassion mediated the association between attachment anxiety and subjective well‐being, and emotional empathy toward others mediated the association between attachment avoidance and subjective well‐being.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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