Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for about 90% of the 456,000 incident esophageal cancers each year. Regions of high incidence include Eastern to Central Asia, along the Rift Valley ...in East Africa, and into South Africa. There are many causes of ESCC, which vary among regions. Early studies in France associated smoking cigarettes and heavy alcohol consumption with high rates of ESCC, but these factors cannot explain the high incidence in other regions. We discuss other risk factors for ESCC, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a variety of sources, high-temperature foods, diet, and oral health and the microbiome—all require further research. A growing list of defined genomic regions affects susceptibility, but large genome-wide association studies have been conducted with ethnic Chinese subjects only; more studies are called for in the rest of Asia and Africa. ESCC has been understudied, but growing infrastructure in more high-incidence countries will allow rapid progress in our understanding.
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most predominant malignancies worldwide. The 5‐year survival rate is still relatively low due to few symptoms presenting with the early ...disease, diagnosis at middle to late stage, and high risk of recurrence after therapy. Novel protein biomarkers for early detection and treatment of ESCC have the potential to reduce incidence and mortality rates, and significantly prolong the 5‐year survival rate. To date, several ESCC biomarkers are being investigated for screening, diagnosis, and treatment to decrease the disease burden. This review summarizes recent developments in candidate protein biomarkers for early diagnosis, predictors for precancerous disease progression, and prognosis of ESCC. Protein biomarkers that enable identification of the different pathologic grades of ESCC will need to be identified. ESCC biomarkers have the potential to improve screening and treatment strategies; multicenter prospective studies with large sample sizes will be required to confirm the usefulness of these candidate biomarkers.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Entanglement entropy in flat holography Jiang, Hongliang; Song, Wei; Wen, Qiang
The journal of high energy physics,
07/2017, Volume:
2017, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A
bstract
BMS symmetry, which is the asymptotic symmetry at null infinity of flat spacetime, is an important input for flat holography. In this paper, we give a holographic calculation of ...entanglement entropy and Rényi entropy in three dimensional Einstein gravity and Topologically Massive Gravity. The geometric picture for the entanglement entropy is the length of a spacelike geodesic which is connected to the interval at null infinity by two null geodesics. The spacelike geodesic is the fixed points of replica symmetry, and the null geodesics are along the modular flow. Our strategy is to first reformulate the Rindler method for calculating entanglement entropy in a general setup, and apply it for BMS invariant field theories, and finally extend the calculation to the bulk.
The optimal cost of a three-qubit Fredkin gate is 5 two-qubit entangling gates, and the overhead climbs to 8 when restricted to controlled-not (CNOT) gates. By harnessing higher-dimensional Hilbert ...spaces, we reduce the cost of a three-qubit Fredkin gate from 8 CNOTs to 5 nearest-neighbor CNOTs. We also present a construction of an n-control-qubit Fredkin gate with 2n + 3 CNOTs and 2n single-qudit operations. Finally, we design deterministic and non-deterministic three-qubit Fredkin gates in photonic architectures. The cost of a non-deterministic three-qubit Fredkin gate is further reduced to 4 nearest-neighbor CNOTs, and the success of such a gate is heralded by a single-photon detector. Our insights bridge the gap between the theoretical lower bound and the current best result for the n-qubit quantum computation.
A nickel-catalyzed benzylic substitution of secondary phosphine oxide was described, affording the dialkylated P-stereogenic tertiary phosphine oxides with high to excellent enantioselectivities. The ...reaction was performed under mild conditions with commercially available benzyl chlorides and bench stable secondary phosphine oxides, exhibiting broad functional group tolerance. It represented a practical example for the preparation of P-stereogenic phosphine compounds.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
MnFe2O4 nanoparticles have been synthesized on a large scale by a simple hydrothermal process in a wild condition, and the RGO/MnFe2O4 nanocomposites were also prepared under ultrasonic treatment ...based on the synthesized nanoparticles. The absorption properties of MnFe2O4/wax, RGO/MnFe2O4/wax and the RGO/MnFe2O4/PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) composites were studied; the results indicated that the RGO/MnFe2O4/PVDF composites show the most excellent wave absorption properties. The minimum reflection loss of RGO/MnFe2O4/PVDF composites with filler content of 5 wt % can reach −29.0 dB at 9.2 GHz, and the bandwidth of frequency less than −10 dB is from 8.00 to 12.88 GHz. The wave absorbing mechanism can be attributed to the dielectric loss, magnetic loss and the synergetic effect between RGO+MnFe2O4, RGO+PVDF and MnFe2O4+PVDF.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Accumulating evidence suggests that M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis, making M2 polarization of TAMs an ever more appealing ...target for therapeutic intervention. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a saponin component isolated from Astragali radix, has been reported to inhibit the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer, but its effects on TAMs during lung cancer progression have not been investigated.
Human THP-1 monocytes were induced to differentiate into M2 macrophages through treatments with IL-4, IL-13, and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). We used the lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1299 cultured in conditioned medium from M2 macrophages (M2-CM) to investigate the effects of AS-IV on tumor growth, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of lung cancer cells. Macrophage subset distribution, M1 and M2 macrophage-associated markers, and mRNA expression were analyzed by flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. The activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways that mediate M2-CM-promoted tumor migration was detected using western blotting.
Here we found that AS-IV significantly inhibited IL-13 and IL-4-induced M2 polarization of macrophages, as illustrated by reduced expression of CD206 and M2-associated genes, and that AS-IV suppressed the M2-CM-induced invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of A549 and H1299 cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that AS-IV greatly inhibited tumor growth and reduced the number of metastases of Lewis lung cancer. The percentage of M2 macrophages was decreased in tumor tissue after AS-IV treatment. Furthermore, AS-IV inhibited AMPKα activation in M2 macrophages, and silencing of AMPKα partially abrogated the inhibitory effect of AS-IV.
AS-IV reduced the growth, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of lung cancer by blocking the M2 polarization of macrophages partially through the AMPK signaling pathway, which appears to play an important role in AS-IV's ability to inhibit the metastasis of lung cancer.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
There are no global screening recommendations for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Endoscopic screening has been investigated in areas of high incidence in China since the 1970s. This study ...aimed to evaluate whether an endoscopic screening and intervention program could reduce mortality caused by ESCC.
Residents age 40 to 69 years were recruited from communities with high rates of ESCC. Fourteen villages were selected as the intervention communities. Ten villages not geographically adjacent to intervention villages were selected for comparison. Participants in the intervention group were screened once by endoscopy with Lugol's iodine staining, and those with dysplasia or occult cancer were treated. All intervention participants and a sample consisting of one tenth of the control group completed questionnaires. We compared cumulative ESCC incidence and mortality between the two groups.
Three thousand three hundred nineteen volunteers (48.62%) from an eligible population of 6,827 were screened in the intervention group. Seven hundred ninety-seven volunteers from an eligible population of 6,200 in the control group were interviewed. Six hundred fifty-two incident and 542 fatal ESCCs were identified during the 10-year follow-up. A reduction in cumulative mortality in the intervention group versus the control group was apparent (3.35% v 5.05%, respectively; P < .001). Furthermore, the intervention group had a significantly lower cumulative incidence of ESCC versus the control group (4.17% v 5.92%, respectively; P < .001).
We showed that endoscopic screening and intervention significantly reduced mortality caused by esophageal cancer. Detection and treatment of preneoplastic lesions also led to a reduction in the incidence of this highly fatal cancer.
AIE-active luminogen tetraphenylethene (TPE) was incorporated into a UiO-isoreticular zirconium metal-organic framework via the strategy of mixed dicarboxylate struts, and the resulting ...functionalized MOF shows a strong blue-green emission and selective sensing of nitroaromatic explosives 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) through fluorescence quenching. Moreover, the luminescent MOF exhibits efficient photocatalytic activity for aerobic cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions mediated by visible light.
Graphene-based hybrids, specifically free-standing graphene-based hybrid papers, have recently attracted increasing attention in many communities for their great potential applications. As the most ...commonly used precursors for the preparation of graphene-based hybrids, electrically-insulating graphene oxides (GO) generally must be further chemically reduced or thermally annealed back to reduced GO (RGO) if high electrical conductivity is needed. However, various concerns are generated if the hybrid structures are sensitive to the treatments used to produce RGO. In this work, we develop a highly facile strategy to fabricate free-standing magnetic and conductive graphene-based hybrid papers. Electrically conductive graphene nanosheets (GNs) are used directly to grow Fe sub(3)O sub(4) magnetic nanoparticles without additional chemical reduction or thermal annealing, thus completely avoiding the concerns in the utilisation of GO. The free-standing Fe sub(3)O sub(4)/GN papers are magnetic, electrically conductive and present sufficient magnetic shielding (>20 dB), making them promising for applications in the conductive magnetically-controlled switches. The shielding results suggest that the Fe sub(3)O sub(4)/GN papers of very small thickness (<0.3 mm) and light weight ( similar to 0.78 g cm super(-3)) exhibit comparable shielding effectiveness to polymeric graphene-based composites of much larger thickness. Fundamental mechanisms for shielding performance and associated opportunities are discussed.
PDF
