This study considers cultural adaptation through tourism, focusing on language-travelers: hybrid education-tourism consumers whose voices remain relatively silent in tourism studies. Qualitative, ...semi-structured interviews were undertaken with students, teachers, and managers in Australian English language schools to understand what language-travelers expect from their Australian experiences and the implications for language schools. The findings propose that sojourners’ experiences are framed by pre-visit imaginaries of object authenticity, wherein the “object” is both Australian culture and the wider Anglophone “West.” Such imaginaries are found to be validated by language schools, which face pressure to balance letting students glimpse the “backstage” and staging out-group imagined “authenticities,” such as by hiring fun, approachable, and above all White teachers. We identify opportunities for language centers to understand their role within tourism as cultural mediators and suggest ways forward in promoting and inculcating critical intercultural competence among language-traveler sojourners.
Full text
Available for:
NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper applies indigenous research methods to understand the motives of visitors attending Penitensya (a Lenten Filipino ritual involving violent ritualistic performances) which we introduce as a ...novel form of religious-dark tourism. The paper also examines the tourism product potential of Penitensya as a controversial, yet potentially valuable feature of Filipino public culture. The motives of visitors to the Penitensya ritual in the Philippines during the 2019 schedule of events are examined to understand the touristic appeal of this unique form of religious-dark pilgrimage which involves overt and abject rituals of mortification and self-harm. Analysis suggests that the motives for attending Penitensya resonate with the motives of visitors to dark tourism attractions, and these include the allure of a novel cultural experience, knowledge-seeking and rubbernecking. The findings suggest that Penitensya might have unrealised potential as a legitimate form of intangible Filipino cultural heritage, but in order to authenticate the event as part of the nation’s cultural tourism product mix it must be carefully curated and marketed, and embraced by local authorities and the wider community.
Full text
Available for:
NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The UK Leisure and Tourism sector is uniquely fragmented at government and industry levels and comprises a wide and diverse range of products and services. Tourist boards and strategic authorities ...are important for the thousands of small enterprises that provide accommodation, food, attractions and travel services in Britain. These organisations are responsible for marketing to incoming visitors and they provide a voice on industry issues. This article presents the findings of qualitative, exploratory analysis into the remits and positioning of six National Tourism Organisations in terms of the role each plays in interfacing with other interest groups to influence tourism policy issues and to support the tourism industry. Emphasis is placed on exploring the partnership-working dynamic between national tourism organisations and interest groups towards exerting influence on policy formulation. The study identifies best practice in partnership working and government lobbying based on thematic interviews. A thematic network is presented to suggest how the best practice partnership aspects that are identified might be applied in a UK context.
Full text
Available for:
NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Tourism visits to sites associated to varying degrees with death and dying have for some time inspired academic debate and research into what has come to be popularly described as ‘dark tourism’. ...Research to date has been based on the mobilisation of various social scientific methodologies to understand issues such as the motivations of visitors to consume dark tourism experiences and visitor interpretations of the various narratives that are part of the consumption experience. This thesis offers an alternative conceptual perspective for carrying out research into museums that represent genocide and occupation by presenting a discourse analysis of five Lithuanian museums which share this overchig theme using Foucault’s concept of ‘discursive formation’ from ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’. A constructivist methodology is therefore applied to locate the rhetorical representations of Lithuanian and Jewish subject positions and to identify the objects of discourse that are produced in five museums that interpret an historical era defined by occupation, the persecution of people and genocide. The discourses and consequent cultural function of these museums is examined and the key finding of the research proposes that they authorise a particular Lithuanian individualism which marginalises the Jewish subject position and its related objects of discourse into abstraction. The thesis suggests that these museums create the possibility to undermine the ontological stability of Holocaust and the Jewish-Lithuanian subject which is produced as an anomalous, ‘non-Lithuanian’ cultural reference point. As with any Foucauldian archaeological research, it cannot be offered as something that is ‘complete’ since it captures only a partial field, or snapshot of knowledge, bound to a specific temporal and spatial context. The discourses that have been identified are perhaps part of a more elusive ‘positivity’ which is salient across a number of cultural and political surfaces which are ripe for a similar analytical approach in future. It is hoped that the study will motivate others to follow a discourse-analytical approach to research in order to further understand the critical role of museums in public culture when it comes to shaping knowledge about ‘inconvenient’ pasts.
Tourism visits to sites associated to varying degrees with death and dying have for some time inspired academic debate and research into what has come to be popularly described as ‘dark tourism’. ...Research to date has been based on the mobilisation of various social scientific methodologies to understand issues such as the motivations of visitors to consume dark tourism experiences and visitor interpretations of the various narratives that are part of the consumption experience. This thesis offers an alternative conceptual perspective for carrying out research into museums that represent genocide and occupation by presenting a discourse analysis of five Lithuanian museums which share this overchig theme using Foucault’s concept of ‘discursive formation’ from ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’. A constructivist methodology is therefore applied to locate the rhetorical representations of Lithuanian and Jewish subject positions and to identify the objects of discourse that are produced in five museums that interpret an historical era defined by occupation, the persecution of people and genocide. The discourses and consequent cultural function of these museums is examined and the key finding of the research proposes that they authorise a particular Lithuanian individualism which marginalises the Jewish subject position and its related objects of discourse into abstraction. The thesis suggests that these museums create the possibility to undermine the ontological stability of Holocaust and the Jewish-Lithuanian subject which is produced as an anomalous, ‘non-Lithuanian’ cultural reference point. As with any Foucauldian archaeological research, it cannot be offered as something that is ‘complete’ since it captures only a partial field, or snapshot of knowledge, bound to a specific temporal and spatial context. The discourses that have been identified are perhaps part of a more elusive ‘positivity’ which is salient across a number of cultural and political surfaces which are ripe for a similar analytical approach in future. It is hoped that the study will motivate others to follow a discourse-analytical approach to research in order to further understand the critical role of museums in public culture when it comes to shaping knowledge about ‘inconvenient’ pasts.
The tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-2 promoter allele, which elicits elevated expression of TNF-alpha, is in linkage disequilibrium with the extended haplotype HLA-A1-B8-DR3-DQ2. TNF-2 and HLA-DR3 have ...been implicated in renal and cardiac graft rejection and loss. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been associated with chronic allograft rejection. We examined the relationship between HLA-DR3, promoter allele TNF-2 and cytomegalovirus in relation to chronic rejection following liver transplantation.
(i) Retrospective analysis of HLA-DR3 was performed in 307 liver transplant recipients and 283 donors. (ii) Prospective analysis of TNF-alpha promoter allele status, HLA-DR3 status and cytomegalovirus infection was assessed in 123 recipients.
(i) Retrospective analysis. Recipient HLA-DR3 (relative risk 1.9; 95% C.I. 1.01-3.58) was a risk factor for chronic rejection. (ii) Prospective analysis. Recipient HLA-DR3 was a risk factor for chronic rejection (relative risk 3.41; 95% C.I. 1.66-7.03) which was elevated further by superimposed CMV infection (relative risk 5.01; 95% C.I. 2-12.55). Recipient TNF-2 was associated with chronic rejection (relative risk 2.29; 95% C.I. 0.9-5.83) through linkage to HLA-DR3.
Recipient HLA-DR3, TNF-2 status and CMV infection were inter-related risk factors for chronic rejection of liver grafts.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Background/Aims
: The tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-2 promoter allele, which elicits elevated expression of TNF-
α, is in linkage disequilibrium with the extended haplotype HLA-A1-B8-DR3-DQ2. TNF-2 ...and HLA-DR3 have been implicated in renal and cardiac graft rejection and loss. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been associated with chronic allograft rejection. We examined the relationship between HLA-DR3, promoter allele TNF-2 and cytomegalovirus in relation to chronic rejection following liver transplantation.
Methods
: (i) Retrospective analysis of HLA-DR3 was performed in 307 liver transplant recipients and 283 donors. (ii) Prospective analysis of TNF
-α promoter allele status, HLA-DR3 status and cytomegalovirus infection was assessed in 123 recipients.
Results
: (i) Retrospective analysis. Recipient HLA-DR3 (relative risk 1.9; 95% C.I. 1.01–3.58) was a risk factor for chronic rejection. (ii) Prospective analysis. Recipient HLA-DR3 was a risk factor for chronic rejection (relative risk 3.41; 95% C.I. 1.66–7.03) which was elevated further by superimposed CMV infection (relative risk 5.01; 95% C.I. 2–12.55). Recipient TNF-2 was associated with chronic rejection (relative risk 2.29; 95% C.I. 0.9–5.83) through linkage to HLA-DR3.
Conclusions
: Recipient HLA-DR3, TNF-2 status and CMV infection were inter-related risk factors for chronic rejection of liver grafts.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
PDF
