•Climate change may challenge urban forests’ capacity to provide ecosystem services (ES).•Shifting canopy composition to climate-tolerant species could impact ES provisioning.•We model ES ...provisioning resulting from alternative canopy compositions.•More functionally diverse canopies provide greater ES provisioning.•Stratified replanting based on tree functional groups can mitigate multiple threats.
Cities are home to an increasing number of people who depend on urban forests to provide ecosystem services such as temperature regulation, air quality improvement and storm water abatement. Climate change may challenge the capacity of urban forests to provide these services. Intensification of heat waves, droughts and strengthening storms could lead to tree die-offs. In Quebec City, work has suggested that the urban canopy is vulnerable to future projected climates, i.e. hotter and drier summers. Compounding this threat, the exotic emerald ash borer is expected to kill 11 % of municipal trees over the next decade. Together these pressures could lead to a significant loss of canopy cover and ecosystem service provisioning in the near-term.
We test whether replanting strategies for lost ash, which shift the forest community towards a more climate-tolerant canopy using a functional trait-based approach, can help to mitigate or improve ecosystem service provisioning in the near-term. Using a municipal database of urban trees, we simulate canopy growth and replacement over 20-years for three different replanting scenarios: i) ‘business-as-usual’, ii) ‘stratified’ or iii) ‘conifer-focused’ replanting strategy, and compare their delivery of ecosystem services.
Results from the simulations find clear trade-offs in ecosystem service provisioning within and between replanting approaches. The ‘conifer-focused’ scenario provides the highest level of air quality improvement, storm water abatement and reduced energy demands in winter, however there are limitations on where coniferous trees can be planted in cities. In contrast, the ‘business-as-usual’ scenario achieved greater canopy cover, carbon sequestration, and high summertime cooling, but remains vulnerable to climate change. Stratifying replanting across tree functional groups results in the greatest increase to canopy diversity, intermediate levels of ecosystem service provisioning and important reduction in vulnerability to future pests . We suggest that a replanting approach focused on increasing the functional trait diversity of the urban canopy will likely confer the greatest ecosystem service benefits to the urban population and improve the resilience of the urban canopy to pests and climate pressures in the future.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To address the most appropriate endogenous biomarker for drug–drug interaction risk assessment, eight healthy subjects received an organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B (OATP1B) inhibitor ...(rifampicin, 150, 300, and 600 mg), and a probe drug cocktail (atorvastatin, pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, and valsartan). In addition to coproporphyrin I, a widely studied OATP1B biomarker, we identified at least 4 out of 28 compounds (direct bilirubin, glycochenodeoxycholate‐3‐glucuronide, glycochenodeoxycholate‐3‐sulfate, and hexadecanedioate) that presented good sensitivity and dynamic range in terms of the rifampicin dose‐dependent change in area under the plasma concentration‐time curve ratio (AUCR). Their suitability as OATP1B biomarkers was also supported by the good correlation of AUC0‐24h between the endogenous compounds and the probe drugs, and by nonlinear regression analysis (AUCR−1 vs. rifampicin plasma Cmax (maximum total concentration in plasma)) to yield an estimate of the inhibition constant of rifampicin. These endogenous substrates can complement existing OATP1B‐mediated drug–drug interaction risk assessment approaches based on agency guidelines in early clinical trials.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Liver‐derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), prepared from small sets of banked serum samples using a novel two‐step protocol, were deployed as liquid biopsy to study the induction of ...cytochromes P450 (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP2D6) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP1B1 and OATP1B3) during pregnancy (nonpregnant (T0), first, second, and third (T3) trimester women; N = 3 each) and after administration of rifampicin (RIF) to healthy male subjects. Proteomic analysis revealed induction (mean fold‐increase, 90% confidence interval) of sEV CYP3A4 after RIF 300 mg × 7 days (3.5, 95% CI = 2.5–4.5, N = 4, P = 0.029) and 600 mg × 14 days (3.7, 95% CI = 2.1–6.0, N = 5, P = 0.018) consistent with the mean oral midazolam area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) ratio in the same subjects (0.28, 95% CI = 0.22–0.34, P < 0.0001; and 0.17, 95% CI = 0.13–0.22, P < 0.0001). Compared with CYP3A4, liver sEV CYP3A5 protein (subjects genotyped CYP3A5*1/*3) was weakly induced (≤ 1.5‐fold). It was also possible to measure liver sEV‐catalyzed dextromethorphan (DEX) O‐demethylation to dextrorphan (DXO), correlated with sEV CYP2D6 expression (r = 0.917, P = 0.0001; N = 10) and 3‐hour plasma DXO‐to‐DEX concentration ratio (r = 0.843, P = 0.002, N = 10), and show that CYP2D6 was not induced by RIF. Nonparametric analysis of liver sEV revealed significantly higher CYP3A4 (3.2‐fold, P = 0.003) and CYP2D6 (3.7‐fold, P = 0.03) protein expression in T3 vs. T0 women. In contrast, expression of both OATPs in liver sEV was unaltered by RIF administration and pregnancy.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
More than 5,000 km separates the frequently disturbed coral reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) from western sources of population replenishment. It has been hypothesized that El Niño events ...facilitate eastward dispersal across this East Pacific Barrier (EPB). Here we present a biophysical coral larval dispersal model driven by 14.5 years of high-resolution surface ocean current data including the extreme 1997-1998 El Niño. We find no eastward cross-EPB connections over this period, which implies that ETP coral populations decimated by the 1998 bleaching event can only have recovered from eastern Pacific sources, in congruence with genetic data. Instead, rare connections between eastern and central Pacific reefs are simulated in a westward direction. Significant complexity and variability in the surface flows transporting larvae mean that generalized upper-ocean circulation patterns are poor descriptors of inter-regional connectivity, complicating the assessment of how climate change will impact coral gene flow Pacific wide.
The process referred to as "semi-convection" in astrophysics and "double-diffusive convection in the diffusive regime" in Earth and planetary sciences occurs in stellar and planetary interiors in ...regions which are stable according to the Ledoux criterion but unstable according to the Schwarzschild criterion. In this series of papers, we analyze the results of an extensive suite of three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations of the process, and ultimately propose a new 1D prescription for heat and compositional transport in this regime which can be used in stellar or planetary structure and evolution models. In a preliminary study of the phenomenon, Rosenblum et al. showed that, after saturation of the primary instability, a system can evolve in one of two possible ways: the induced turbulence either remains homogeneous, with very weak transport properties, or transitions into a thermo-compositional staircase where the transport rate is much larger (albeit still smaller than in standard convection). In this paper, we show that this dichotomous behavior is a robust property of semi-convection across a wide region of parameter space. We propose a simple semi-analytical criterion to determine whether layer formation is expected or not, and at what rate it proceeds, as a function of the background stratification and of the diffusion parameters (viscosity, thermal diffusivity, and compositional diffusivity) only. The theoretical criterion matches the outcome of our numerical simulations very adequately in the computationally accessible "planetary" parameter regime and can be extrapolated to the stellar parameter regime. Subsequent papers will address more specifically the question of quantifying transport in the layered case and in the non-layered case.
A combination of vaccination approaches will likely be necessary to fully control the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Here, we show that modified vaccinia ...Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion stabilized spike (MVA/S) but not secreted S1 induced strong neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. In macaques, the MVA/S vaccination induced strong neutralizing antibodies and CD8+ T cell responses, and conferred protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus replication in the lungs as early as day 2 following intranasal and intratracheal challenge. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of lung cells on day 4 after infection revealed that MVA/S vaccination also protected macaques from infection-induced inflammation and B cell abnormalities and lowered induction of interferon-stimulated genes. These results demonstrate that MVA/S vaccination induces neutralizing antibodies and CD8+ T cells in the blood and lungs and is a potential vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2.
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•Generated MVA-based COVID-19 vaccine encoding prefusion-stabilized spike (MVA/S)•MVA/S vaccination induces strong nAb response and CD8+ T cell response in macaques•MVA/S vaccine protects macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung immunopathology•MVA/S vaccine prevents infection-induced inflammation and B cell abnormalities in lungs
Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector-based vaccines are attractive because of their excellent safety and ability to induce long-lived humoral and cellular immunity in humans. Routhu et al. show that an MVA-based COVID-19 vaccine encoding prefusion-stabilized spike (MVA/S) induces strong neutralizing antibody and CD8+ T cell responses and protects macaques from SARS-CoV2 infection, immunopathology, and infection-induced B cell abnormalities in the lungs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Using a phenomenological Ginzburg–Landau model that includes entrainment, we identify the possible ground states for the neutron and proton condensates in the core of a neutron star, as a function of ...magnetic field strength. Combining analytical and numerical techniques, we find that much of the outer core is likely to be a “type-1.5” superconductor (instead of a type-II superconductor as often assumed), in which magnetic flux is distributed inhomogeneously, with bundles of magnetic fluxtubes separated by flux-free Meissner regions. We provide an approximate criterion to determine the transition between this type-1.5 phase and the type-I region in the inner core. We also show that bundles of fluxtubes can coexist with non-superconducting regions, but only in a small part of the parameter space.
Highlights • Passive coping during social stress results in depressive-like behavior in rats. • This behavior is associated with greater inflammation in the spleen and locus coeruleus. • Pretreatment ...with 10 mg/kg Resveratrol blocks stress-induced splenic inflammation. • 30 mg/kg Resveratrol pretreatment blocks depressive behavior and neuroinflammation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Background: Cigarette smokers with asthma are insensitive to short term inhaled corticosteroid therapy, but efficacy when given for a longer duration at different doses is unknown. Methods: Ninety ...five individuals with mild asthma were recruited to a multicentre, randomised, double blind, parallel group study comparing inhaled beclomethasone in doses of 400 μg or 2000 μg daily for 12 weeks in smokers and non-smokers. The primary end point was the change in morning peak expiratory flow (PEF). Secondary end points included evening PEF, use of reliever inhaler, number of asthma exacerbations, spirometric parameters, and asthma control score. Results: After 12 weeks of inhaled beclomethasone there was a considerable difference between the morning PEF measurements of smokers and non-smokers with asthma (−18 (95% CI −35 to −1), adjusted p = 0.035). Among those receiving 400 μg daily there was a difference between the mean (95% CI) morning PEF (l/min) in smokers and non-smokers (−25 (95% CI −45 to −4), adjusted p = 0.019) and in the number of asthma exacerbations (6 v 1 in smokers and non-smokers, respectively, p = 0.007). These differences were reduced between smokers and non-smokers receiving 2000 μg inhaled beclomethasone daily. Conclusions: Compared with non-smokers, smokers with mild persistent asthma are insensitive to the therapeutic effect of low dose inhaled corticosteroid treatment administered for a 12 week period. The disparity of the response between smokers and non-smokers appears to be reduced with high dose inhaled corticosteroid. These findings have important implications for the management of individuals with mild asthma who smoke.
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