By designing a structured gas density profile between the dual-stage gas jets to manipulate electron seeding and energy chirp reversal for compressing the energy spread, we have experimentally ...produced high-brightness high-energy electron beams from a cascaded laser wakefield accelerator with peak energies in the range of 200-600 MeV, 0.4%-1.2% rms energy spread, 10-80 pC charge, and ∼0.2 mrad rms divergence. The maximum six-dimensional brightness B_{6D,n} is estimated as ∼6.5×10^{15} A/m^{2}/0.1%, which is very close to the typical brightness of e beams from state-of-the-art linac drivers. These high-brightness high-energy e beams may lead to the realization of compact monoenergetic gamma-ray and intense coherent x-ray radiation sources.
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Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 has been used for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the overall response rate to ICB therapy for HNSCC ...remains less than 20%. It has recently been reported that the appearance of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in tumor tissue is correlated with better prognosis and response to ICB treatment. Here, we demonstrated an immune classification for the tumor microenvironment (TME) of HNSCC by analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)–HNSCC data set and found that immunotype D with TLS enrichment had a better prognosis and response to ICB treatment. Furthermore, we observed that TLSs were present in a part of tumor samples of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection negative HNSCC (HPV− HNSCC) and were associated with the densities of dendritic cell (DC)–LAMP+ DCs, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and progenitor T cells in TME. We established an HPV− HNSCC mouse model with TLS-enriched TME by overexpressing LIGHT in a mouse HNSCC cell line. We found that the induction of TLS formation enhanced the response to PD-1 blockade treatment in the HPV− HNSCC mouse model, accompanied by increases in DCs and progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells in the TME. Elimination of CD20+ B cells attenuated the therapeutic effect of PD-1 pathway blockade in TLS+ HPV− HNSCC mouse models. These results indicate that TLSs contribute to the favorable prognosis and antitumor immunity of HPV− HNSCC. Inducing TLS formation in HPV− HNSCC tumors is a potential therapeutic method for improving the ICB response rate in patients with HPV− HNSCC.
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CMK, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
There is growing interest in photocatalytic applications of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) because of their unique two-dimensional (2D) lamellar structural features and optical properties. This ...review initially reveals that adjustable components of LDHs control their electronic structures. On the basis of this characteristic, LDHs have emerged as very promising candidates for constructing highly efficient photocatalysts. As a result, 2D LDH-containing heterostructures were prepared according to two strategies: one generated the desired structural configurations, including horizontally and vertically stacked hierarchical heterostructures, and the other comprised band gap engineering with staggered-gap heterojunctions. The heterojunctions that were obtained displayed enhanced photocatalytic activities because of the facilitated transfer of photogenerated carriers and their prolonged lifetime and extended light-response range. Thus, LDH-containing heterostructures exhibited better photocatalytic effects than their individual components in the same applications. Finally, this review provides a brief perspective on the future of the fabrication of LDH-containing heterostructures.
Previous observations have shown that the distribution of 36.2-GHz class I methanol megamaser (MM) emission in Arp 220 is highly correlated with the diffuse X-rays. On this basis it was suggested ...that methanol MM may be produced either by the effects of galactic-outflow-driven shocks and/or cosmic rays. Here we report the results of a single-dish survey undertaken with the Greenbank Telescope (GBT) to improve our understanding of the pumping conditions of extragalactic class I methanol masers and their relationship to starburst and feedback processes within the host galaxies, towards a sample which includes 16 galaxies which show both extended soft X-ray emission, and either OH or H2O MM emission. Large baseline ripples in the GBT spectra limited our results to tentative detections towards 11 of the target galaxies. Analysis of these tentative detections shows that there are significant correlations between the methanol intensity and the host-galaxy infrared, radio and OH MM emission, but no correlation with the X-ray and H2O MM emission. Some sources show methanol emission significantly offset from the systemic velocity of the galaxy (by up to 1000 km s−1) and we propose that these are associated with galactic-scale outflows from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) feedback. The combined observational properties suggest that class I methanol MMs are related to significant starburst and molecular outflow activity and hence may provide a potential probe of AGN feedback and starburst processes in the host galaxies.
Nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs), as important contributors to the light absorption by brown carbon, have been widely observed in various ambient atmospheres; however, their formation in the urban ...atmosphere was little studied. In this work, we report an intensive field study of NACs in summer 2016 at an urban Beijing site, characterized by both high-NOx and anthropogenic VOC dominated conditions. We investigated the factors that influence NAC formation (e.g., NO2, VOC precursors, RH and photolysis) through quantification of eight NACs, along with major components in fine particulate matter, selected volatile organic compounds, and gases. The average total concentration of the quantified NACs was 6.63 ng m-3, higher than those reported in other summertime studies (0.14–6.44 ng m-3). 4-Nitrophenol (4NP, 32.4 %) and 4-nitrocatechol (4NC, 28.5 %) were the top two most abundant NACs, followed by methyl-nitrocatechol (MNC), methyl-nitrophenol (MNP), and dimethyl-nitrophenol (DMNP). The oxidation of toluene and benzene in the presence of NOx was found to be a more dominant source of NACs than primary biomass burning emissions. The NO2 concentration level was found to be an important factor influencing the secondary formation of NACs. A transition from low- to high-NOx regimes coincided with a shift from organic- to inorganic-dominated oxidation products. The transition thresholds were NO2∼20 ppb for daytime andNO2∼25 ppb for nighttime conditions. Under low-NOx conditions, NACs increased with NO2, while the NO3- concentrations and (NO3-)/NACs ratios were lower, implying organic-dominated products. Under high-NOx conditions, NAC concentrations did not further increase with NO2, while theNO3- concentrations and (NO3-)/NACs ratios showed increasing trends, signaling a shift from organic- to inorganic-dominated products. Nighttime enhancements were observed for 3M4NC and 4M5NC, while daytime enhancements were noted for 4NP, 2M4NP, and DMNP, indicating different formation pathways for these two groups of NACs. Our analysis suggested that the aqueous-phase oxidation was likely the major formation pathway of 4M5NC and 3M5NC, while photo-oxidation of toluene and benzene in the presence of NO2 could be more important for the formation of nitrophenol and its derivatives. Using the (3M4NC+4M5NC) / 4NP ratios as an indicator of the relative contribution of aqueous-phase and gas-phase oxidation pathways to NAC formation, we observed that the relative contribution of aqueous-phase pathways increased at elevated ambient RH and remained constant at RH > 30 %. We also found that the concentrations of VOC precursors (e.g., toluene and benzene) and aerosol surface area acted as important factors in promoting NAC formation, and photolysis as an important loss pathway for nitrophenols.
Abstract
We present the second release of value-added catalogues of the LAMOST Spectroscopic Survey of the Galactic Anticentre (LSS-GAC DR2). The catalogues present values of radial velocity Vr, ...atmospheric parameters – effective temperature Teff, surface gravity log g, metallicity Fe/H, α-element to iron (metal) abundance ratio α/Fe (α/M), elemental abundances C/H and N/H and absolute magnitudes MV and $M_{K_{\rm s}}$ deduced from 1.8 million spectra of 1.4 million unique stars targeted by the LSS-GAC since 2011 September until 2014 June. The catalogues also give values of interstellar reddening, distance and orbital parameters determined with a variety of techniques, as well as proper motions and multiband photometry from the far-UV to the mid-IR collected from the literature and various surveys. Accuracies of radial velocities reach 5 km s−1 for the late-type stars, and those of distance estimates range between 10 and 30 per cent, depending on the spectral signal-to-noise ratios. Precisions of Fe/H, C/H and N/H estimates reach 0.1 dex, and those of α/Fe and α/M reach 0.05 dex. The large number of stars, the contiguous sky coverage, the simple yet non-trivial target selection function and the robust estimates of stellar radial velocities and atmospheric parameters, distances and elemental abundances make the catalogues a valuable data set to study the structure and evolution of the Galaxy, especially the solar-neighbourhood and the outer disc.
With the aim of gathering temporal trends on bacterial epidemiology and resistance from multiple laboratories in China, the CHINET surveillance system was organized in 2005. Antimicrobial ...susceptibility testing was carried out according to a unified protocol using the Kirby-Bauer method or automated systems. Results were analyzed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2014 definitions. Between 2005 and 2014, the number of bacterial isolates ranged between 22 774 and 84 572 annually. Rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production among Escherichia coli isolates were stable, between 51.7 and 55.8%. Resistance of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam and cefoperazone/sulbactam decreased with time. Carbapenem resistance among K. pneumoniae isolates increased from 2.4 to 13.4%. Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains against all of antimicrobial agents tested including imipenem and meropenem decreased with time. On the contrary, resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii strains to carbapenems increased from 31 to 66.7%. A marked decrease of methicillin resistance from 69% in 2005 to 44.6% in 2014 was observed for Staphylococcus aureus. Carbapenem resistance rates in K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii in China are high. Our results indicate the importance of bacterial surveillance studies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The aim of this study was to develop a widely accepted prognostic nomogram for extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type (NKTCL). The clinical data from 1383 patients with NKTCL treated at 10 ...participating institutions between 2000 and 2011 were reviewed. A nomogram was developed that predicted overall survival (OS) based on the Cox proportional hazards model. To contrast the utility of the nomogram against the widely used Ann Arbor staging system, the International Prognostic Index (IPI) and the Korean Prognostic Index (KPI), we used the concordance index (C-index) and a calibration curve to determine its predictive and discriminatory capacity. The 5-year OS rate was 60.3% for the entire group. The nomogram included five important variables based on a multivariate analysis of the primary cohort: stage; age; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; lactate dehydrogenase; and primary tumor invasion. The calibration curve showed that the nomogram was able to predict 5-year OS accurately. The C-index of the nomogram for OS prediction was 0.72 for both cohorts, which was superior to the predictive power (range, 0.56-0.64) of the Ann Arbor stage, IPI and KPI in the primary and validation cohorts. The proposed nomogram provides an individualized risk estimate of OS in patients with NKTCL.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This book is a comprehensive and intensive monograph for scientists, engineers and applied mathematicians, as well as graduate students in fluid dynamics. It starts with a brief review of ...fundamentals of fluid dynamics, with an innovative emphasis on the intrinsic orthogonal decomposition of fluid dynamics process. This is followed by vortex dynamics dealing with the motion, interaction, stability, and breakdown of various vortices. Typical vortex structures are analyzed in laminar, translational, and turbulent flows, including stratified and rotational fluids. In another chapter vortical flow management is presented, such as diagnostics and control. Physical understanding of vortical flow phenomena and mechanisms is the first priority throughout the book. To make the book self-contained, some mathematical background is briefly presented in the main text, but major prerequisites are systematically given in appendices.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Objective
To assess the current prevalence of and risk factors for infertility among couples of reproductive age in China.
Design
Population‐based cross‐sectional study.
Setting
We approached 25 270 ...couples in eight provinces/municipalities, of whom 18 571 (response rate 74%) were interviewed.
Population
Couples living together and married for more than 1 year, of whom the female spouse was 20–49 years old.
Methods
Women were approached via telephone and face‐to‐face conversation to complete the standardised and structured questionnaire by trained interviewers.
Main outcome measures
Prevalence of and risk factors for infertility.
Results
Among women ‘at risk’ of pregnancy, the prevalence of infertility was 15.5% (2680/17 275). Among 10 742 women attempting to become pregnant, the prevalence of infertility was 25.0% (2680/10 742), which increased with age in the second population. Among women who failed to achieve pregnancy in the last 12 months, 3470 finished our questionnaire about fertility care, and 55.2% (1915/3470) of them had sought medical help. Sociodemographic risk factors for infertility included lower educational level adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.4, 95% CI 2.0–5.5 and employment (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.9–2.9). Clinical risk factors were irregular menstrual cycle (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.5), light menstrual blood volume (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.0), history of cervicitis (aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–2.0) and endometriosis (aOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1–9.3), previous stillbirth (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.3) and miscarriage (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 2.1–3.5). In addition, history of operation was a significant risk factor of infertility.
Conclusions
Among couples of reproductive age in China, the prevalence of infertility was 25%, and almost half of the couples experiencing infertility had not sought medical help.
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In China, 25% of couples actively attempting to become pregnant suffered infertility.
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In China, 25% of couples actively attempting to become pregnant suffered infertility.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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