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•A cubic metal organic flame retardant with single crystal structure and rich in nitrogen was synthesized by hydrothermal method.•The peak heat release rate of EP composite loaded ...with 9 phr R1-MOF decreased by 51.3%.•Flame retardant shows high flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance, and significantly reduces the toxicity of EP.•Synergistic flame retardancy between N element and metal ions in metal organic framework ligands.
Toxic substances released during the combustion of epoxy resin (EP) not only cause casualties, but also pollute the environment. Hence, aiming at the flammability of EP, a new triazine based metal organic framework (R1-MOF) was successfully synthesized by solvothermal method to reduce the fire resistance of EP. The single crystal structure of MOF was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction, and the regular hexahedral structure of the crystal was determined by scanning electron microscope. The peak heat release rate, smoke generation rate, CO generation and CO2 generation of EP composite loaded with 9 per 100 parts of matrix resin (phr) of R1-MOFs were decreased by 51.3, 41.5, 45.3, and 39.1%, respectively, showing high flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance, and significantly reducing the toxicity of EP. It mainly benefited from the flame retardant N element in MOF ligand and the synergistic effect between ligand and metal ions. In this study, a new type of MOF flame retardant was proposed, which provided a new way to design efficient flame retardants, smoke suppressants and detoxification flame retardants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Epidendrum, one of the three largest genera of Orchidaceae, exhibits significant horticultural and ornamental value and serves as an important research model in conservation, ecology, and ...evolutionary biology. Given the ambiguous identification of germplasm and complex evolutionary relationships within the genus, the complete plastome of this genus (including five species) were firstly sequenced and assembled to explore their characterizations. The plastomes exhibited a typical quadripartite structure. The lengths of the plastomes ranged from 147,902 bp to 150,986 bp, with a GC content of 37.16% to 37.33%. Gene annotation revealed the presence of 78–82 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. A total of 25–38 long repeats and 130–149 SSRs were detected. Analysis of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) indicated that leucine (Leu) was the most and cysteine (Cys) was the least. The consistent and robust phylogenetic relationships of Epidendrum and its closely related taxa were established using a total of 43 plastid genomes from the tribe Epidendreae. The genus Epidendrum was supported as a monophyletic group and as a sister to Cattleya. Meanwhile, four mutational hotspots (trnCGCA–petN, trnDGUC–trnYGUA, trnSGCU–trnGUCC, and rpl32–trnLUAG) were identified for further phylogenetic studies. Our analysis demonstrates the promising utility of plastomes in inferring the phylogenetic relationships of Epidendrum.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
is one of the largest genera and presents some of the most intricate taxonomic problems in the family Orchidaceae, including species of ornamental and medical importance. The lack of knowledge ...regarding the characterization of
chloroplast (cp) genomes has imposed current limitations on our study. Here, we report the complete cp genomes of seven
species, including
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, and compared with related taxa to provide a better understanding of their genomic information on taxonomy and phylogeny. A total of 28
cp genomes exhibit typical quadripartite structures with lengths ranging from 145,092 bp to 165,812 bp and a GC content of 36.60% to 38.04%. Each genome contained 125-132 genes, encompassing 74-86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The genome arrangements, gene contents, and length were similar, with differences observed in
gene composition. It is worth noting that there were exogenous fragment insertions in the IR regions of
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. A total of 18-49 long repeats and 38-80 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected and the single nucleotide (A/T) was dominant in
cp genomes, with an obvious A/T preference. An analysis of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) revealed that leucine (Leu) was the most frequently used codon, while cysteine (Cys) was the least used. Six highly variable regions (
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) were identified as potential DNA markers based on nucleotide diversity. Additionally, 31,641 molecular diagnostic characters (MDCs) were identified in complete cp genomes. A phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genome sequences and 68 protein-coding genes strongly supported that 28
species can be divided into four branches, sects.
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, defined by morphology, were non-monophyly. Our results enriched the genetic resources of
, providing valuable information to illustrate the complicated taxonomy, phylogeny, and evolution process of the genus.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
cumulative evidence from cohort studies suggested that there were inconsistent conclusions as to whether there was a bidirectional association between depression and frailty. Therefore, this study ...used a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) study to investigate the causal relationship between depression and frailty.
we performed univariate and multivariate bidirectional MR analyses to assess the causal association between depression and frailty. Independent genetic variants associated with depression and frailty were selected as instrumental variables. Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median and weighted mode were mainly used in univariate MR analysis. Multivariate MR (MVMR) analyses used multivariable inverse variance-weighted methods to individually and jointly adjust for three potential confounders, body mass index (BMI), age at menarche (AAM) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, adjusted for BMI).
univariate MR analysis showed a positive causal relationship between depression and risk of frailty (IVW, odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23-1.37, P = 6.54E-22). Causal relationship between frailty and risk of depression (IVW, OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.33-2.16, P = 2.09E-05). MVMR analysis revealed that the bidirectional causal association between depression and frailty remained after adjusting for three potential confounders, BMI, AAM and WHR (adjusted for BMI), individually and in combination.
our findings supported a causal relationship between genetically predicted depression and frailty in both directions.
A correlation between sleep and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been observed in a number of prior investigations. However, little is known regarding the potential causative relationship ...between them. In this study, we selected genetic instruments for sleep traits from pooled data from published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Independent genetic variants associated with six sleep-related traits (chronotype, sleep duration, short sleep duration, long sleep duration, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness) were selected as instrumental variables. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) study was first conducted to assess the causal relationship between sleep traits and SLE (7219 cases versus 15,991 controls). The reverse MR analysis was then used to infer the causal relationship between SLE and sleep traits. Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, Weighted median, and Weighted mode were applied to perform the primary MR analysis. MR Egger regression and the Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test were used to detect horizontal pleiotropy, and Cochran’s
Q
was used to detect heterogeneity. In studies of the effect of sleep traits on SLE risk, the IVW method demonstrated no causal relationship between chronotype, sleep duration, short sleep duration, long sleep duration, insomnia, daytime sleepiness and SLE risk. The remaining three methods agreed with the results of IVW. In studies of the effect of SLE on the risk of sleep traits, neither IVW, MR Egger, Weighted median, nor Weighted mode methods provided evidence of a causal relationship between SLE and the risk of sleep traits. Overall, our study found no evidence of a bidirectional causal relationship between genetically predicted sleep traits and SLE.
Environmental enrichment (EE) is a generally accepted strategy to promote stroke recovery and its beneficial effect is positively correlated with neuroplasticity. However, the mechanisms underlying ...it remain elusive. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), a negative regulator of neuroplasticity, is up‐regulated after stroke. Thus, we hypothesized that HDAC2 may participate in EE‐mediated stroke recovery. In this study, focal stroke was induced by photothrombosis in male mice exposing to EE or standard housing (SH) conditions. Recombinant virus vectors, including Ad‐HDAC2‐Flag, AAV‐CAG‐EGFP‐Cre, LV‐shHDAC2, or their controls were microinjected into the motor cortex at 3 days before stroke. Grid‐walking and cylinder tasks were conducted to assess motor function. Western blot and immunostaining were used to uncover the mechanisms underlying EE‐mediated stroke recovery. We found that EE exposure reversed stroke‐induced HDAC2 up‐regulation, implicating HDAC2 in EE‐mediated functional recovery. Importantly, EE‐dependent stroke recovery was counteracted by over‐expressing HDAC2, and HDAC2 knockdown promoted functional recovery from stroke to the similar extent as EE exposure. Moreover, the knockdown of HDAC2 epigenetically enhanced expressions of neurotrophins and neuroplasticity‐related proteins, with similar effects as EE, and consequently, whole brain and corticospinal tract (CST) rewiring. Together, our findings indicate that HDAC2 is critical for EE‐dependent functional restoration. Precisely targeting HDAC2 may mimic EE and serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for stroke recovery.
Environmental enrichment (EE) is a generally accepted strategy to promote stroke recovery, but the mechanisms underlying it remain elusive. Our study indicates that EE promotes stroke functional restoration via inhibiting histone deacetylase 2, a negative regulator of neuroplasticity. Thus, specifically inhibiting histone deacetylase 2 may mimic EE and constitute a promising therapy for stroke recovery.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
Mitochondrial dysfunction, a characteristic pathological feature of renal Ischemic/reperfusion injury (I/RI), predisposes tubular epithelial cells to maintain an inflammatory microenvironment, ...however, the exact mechanisms through which mitochondrial dysfunction modulates the induction of tubular injury remains incompletely understood.
Methods
ESI‐QTRAP‐MS/MS approach was used to characterize the targeted metabolic profiling of kidney with I/RI. Tubule injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, and fumarate level were evaluated using qPCR, transmission electron microscopy, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry.
Results
We demonstrated that tubule injury occurred at the phase of reperfusion in murine model of I/RI. Meanwhile, enhanced glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction were found to be associated with tubule injury. Further, we found that tubular fumarate, which resulted from fumarate hydratase deficiency and released from dysfunctional mitochondria, promoted tubular injury. Mechanistically, fumarate induced tubular injury by causing disturbance of glutathione (GSH) hemostasis. Suppression of GSH with buthionine sulphoximine administration could deteriorate the fumarate inhibition‐mediated tubule injury recovery. Reactive oxygen species/NF‐κB signaling activation played a vital role in fumarate‐mediated tubule injury.
Conclusion
Our studies demonstrated that the mitochondrial‐derived fumarate promotes tubular epithelial cell injury in renal I/RI. Blockade of fumarate‐mediated ROS/NF‐κB signaling activation may serve as a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate hypoxic tubule injury.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Anti-angiogenic therapy has been successfully applied to treat colorectal cancer (CRC). Ginsenoside Rg3, derived from the Chinese herb ginseng, has anti-vascularization effects and can inhibit tumor ...growth and metastasis, and can sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether Rg3 could be appropriate for CRC treatment. Growth of CRC cells was assessed by an MTT (methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium) assay in vitro and using orthotopic xenograft models in vivo. mRNA expression was evaluated using real-time PCR. Protein levels were tested by western blotting, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Migration was determined using a wound-healing assay. Stemness was further confirmed using a plate clone formation assay. We found that Rg3 repressed the growth and stemness of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Rg3 also impaired the migration of CRC cells in vitro. Rg3 downregulated the expressions of angiogenesis-related genes, and repressed the vascularization of CRC xenografts. In addition, Rg3 strengthened the cytotoxicity of 5-Fluorouracil and oxaliplatin against orthotopic xenografts in vivo. Moreover, Rg3 downregulated the expressions of B7-H1 and B7-H3, high expressions of which were associated with reduced overall survival (OS) of CRC patients. Hence, Rg3 not only repressed the growth and stemness of CRC cells, but could also remodel the tumor microenvironment through repressing angiogenesis and promoting antitumor immunity. Therefore, Rg3 could be a novel therapeutic for the CRC treatment.
Background
The preservation of parathyroid glands is crucial in endoscopic thyroid surgery to prevent hypocalcemia and related complications. However, current methods for identifying and protecting ...these glands have limitations. We propose a novel technique that has the potential to improve the safety and efficacy of endoscopic thyroid surgery.
Purpose
Our study aims to develop a deep learning model called PTAIR 2.0 (Parathyroid gland Artificial Intelligence Recognition) to enhance parathyroid gland recognition during endoscopic thyroidectomy. We compare its performance against traditional surgeon‐based identification methods.
Materials and methods
Parathyroid tissues were annotated in 32 428 images extracted from 838 endoscopic thyroidectomy videos, forming the internal training cohort. An external validation cohort comprised 54 full‐length videos. Six candidate algorithms were evaluated to select the optimal one. We assessed the model's performance in terms of initial recognition time, identification duration, and recognition rate and compared it with the performance of surgeons.
Results
Utilizing the YOLOX algorithm, we developed PTAIR 2.0, which demonstrated superior performance with an AP50 score of 92.1%. The YOLOX algorithm achieved a frame rate of 25.14 Hz, meeting real‐time requirements. In the internal training cohort, PTAIR 2.0 achieved AP50 values of 94.1%, 98.9%, and 92.1% for parathyroid gland early prediction, identification, and ischemia alert, respectively. Additionally, in the external validation cohort, PTAIR outperformed both junior and senior surgeons in identifying and tracking parathyroid glands (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The AI‐driven PTAIR 2.0 model significantly outperforms both senior and junior surgeons in parathyroid gland identification and ischemia alert during endoscopic thyroid surgery, offering potential for enhanced surgical precision and patient outcomes.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Trichoglottis exhibits a range of rich variations in colors and shapes of flower and is a valuable ornamental orchid genus. The genus Trichoglottis has been expanded by the inclusion of Staurochilus, ...but this Trichoglottis sensu lato (s.l.) was recovered as a non-monophyletic genus based on molecular sequences from one or a few DNA regions. Here, we present phylogenomic data sets, incorporating complete plastome sequences from seven species (including five species sequenced in this study) of Trichoglottis s.l. (including two species formerly treated as Staurochilus), to compare plastome structure and to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of this genus. The seven plastomes possessed the typical quadripartite structure of angiosperms and ranged from 149,402 bp to 149,841 bp with a GC content of 36.6–36.7%. These plastomes contain 120 genes, which comprise 74 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes, all ndh genes were pseudogenized or lost. A total of 98 (T. philippinensis) to 134 (T. ionosma) SSRs and 33 (T. subviolacea) to 46 (T. ionosma) long repeats were detected. The consistent and robust phylogenetic relationships of Trichoglottis were established using a total of 25 plastid genomes from the Aeridinae subtribe. The genus Trichoglottis s.l. was strongly supported as a monophyletic group, and two species formerly treated as Staurochilus were revealed as successively basal lineages. In addition, five mutational hotspots (trnNGUU-rpl32, trnLUAA, trnSGCU-trnGUCC, rbcL-accD, and trnTGGU-psbD) were identified based on the ranking of PI values. Our research indicates that plastome data is a valuable source for molecular identification and evolutionary studies of Trichoglottis and its related genera.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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