Primordial black holes (PBHs), as dark matter candidates, have attracted more and more attention as they could be possible progenitors of the heavy binary black holes (BBHs) observed by LIGO/Virgo. ...Accurately estimating the merger rate of PBH binaries will be crucial to reconstruct the mass distribution of PBHs. It was pointed out the merger history of PBHs may shift the merger rate distribution depending on the mass function of PBHs. In this paper, we use 10 BBH events from LIGO/Virgo O1 and O2 observing runs to constrain the merger rate distribution of PBHs by taking into account the effect of merger history. We perform the analysis by explicitly considering two commonly used PBH mass functions: the power-law and the log-normal ones, respectively. It is found that the second merger process makes a subdominant contribution to the total merger rate, and hence the merger history effect can be safely neglected. We also confirm that the main components of dark matter should not be made of stellar-mass PBHs.
Full text
Available for:
CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
During virus infection, the adaptor proteins MAVS and STING transduce signals from the cytosolic nucleic acid sensors RIG-I and cGAS, respectively, to induce type I interferons (IFNs) and other ...antiviral molecules. Here we show that MAVS and STING harbor two conserved serine and threonine clusters that are phosphorylated by the kinases IKK and/or TBK1 in response to stimulation. Phosphorylated MAVS and STING then bind to a positively charged surface of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and thereby recruit IRF3 for its phosphorylation and activation by TBK1. We further show that TRIF, an adaptor protein in Toll-like receptor signaling, activates IRF3 through a similar phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. These results reveal that phosphorylation of innate adaptor proteins is an essential and conserved mechanism that selectively recruits IRF3 to activate the type I IFN pathway.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Retroviruses, including HIV, can activate innate immune responses, but the host sensors for retroviruses are largely unknown. Here we show that HIV infection activates cyclic guanosine ...monophosphate—adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) to produce cGAMP, which binds to and activates the adaptor protein STING to induce type I interferons and other cytokines. Inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase, but not integrase, abrogated interferon-β induction by the virus, suggesting that the reverse-transcribed HIV DNA triggers the innate immune response. Knockout or knockdown of cGAS in mouse or human cell lines blocked cytokine induction by HIV, murine leukemia virus, and simian immunodeficiency virus. These results indicate that cGAS is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
During the mass translation of Western "post-isms" since the 1990s, Saidian postcolonial theory, Orientalism in particular, was introduced to China through interpretation, reception, and ...appropriation in the Chinese academe, becoming an important discursive tool for the debate about China. The translated work is perceived as the "afterlife" of the original work, and Saidian theory achieves its constantly renewed and comprehensive unfolding through translation and critical reception in China. In this sense, translation contributes to the complexity and multiplicity of traveling theories, which plays an important part in the formation of Chinese literary theories. Arguably, theoretical transformation occurs through debates and dialogue that bring about new insights into the intellectual traditions of both sides. The recent decade has witnessed the rise of "Sinologism" as a critical theory, which can be perceived as a Chinese reply to Orientalism or, rather a Chinese appropriation. Thus, the traveling of Saidian theory to China exemplifies that discursive formation and transformation are characterized by constant bi-directional interaction and exchange between the appropriating and the appropriable, and emphasizes the significance of constructing a dialogic framework that values cultural pluralism.
Machine vision significantly improves the efficiency, quality, and reliability of defect detection. In visual inspection, excellent optical illumination platforms and suitable image acquisition ...hardware are the prerequisites for obtaining high-quality images. Image processing and analysis are key technologies in obtaining defect information, while deep learning is significantly impacting the field of image analysis. In this study, a brief history and the state of the art in optical illumination, image acquisition, image processing, and image analysis in the field of visual inspection are systematically discussed. The latest developments in industrial defect detection based on machine vision are introduced. In the further development of the field of visual inspection, the application of deep learning will play an increasingly important role. Thus, a detailed description of the application of deep learning in defect classification, localization and segmentation follows the discussion of traditional defect detection algorithms. Finally, future prospects for the development of visual inspection technology are explored.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Flexible planar micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) with unique loose and porous nanofiber‐like electrode structures are fabricated by combining electrochemical deposition with inkjet printing. Benefiting ...from the resulting porous nanofiber‐like structures, the areal capacitance of the inkjet‐printed flexible planar MSCs is obviously enhanced to 46.6 mF cm−2, which is among the highest values ever reported for MSCs. The complicated fabrication process is successfully averted as compared with previously reported best‐performing planar MSCs. Besides excellent electrochemical performance, the resultant MSCs also show superior mechanical flexibility. The as‐fabricated MSCs can be highly bent to 180° 1000 times with the capacitance retention still up to 86.8%. Intriguingly, because of the remarkable patterning capability of inkjet printing, various modular MSCs in serial and in parallel can be directly and facilely inkjet‐printed without using external metal interconnects and tedious procedures. As a consequence, the electrochemical performance can be largely enhanced to better meet the demands of practical applications. Additionally, flexible serial MSCs with exquisite and aesthetic patterns are also inkjet‐printed, showing great potential in fashionable wearable electronics. The results suggest a feasible strategy for the facile and cost‐effective fabrication of high‐performance flexible MSCs via inkjet printing.
An effective general strategy to fabricate high‐performance flexible micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) with porous nanofiber‐like electrode structures is presented. Benefited from the porous nanofiber‐like structures, the specific capacitance of the resultant MSCs is largely improved while averting the complicated fabrication process.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In recent years, with the higher requirements for the performance of cement-based materials and the call for energy conservation and environmental protection, a wave of research on new materials has ...set off, and various high-performance concrete and more environmentally friendly geopolymers have appeared in the public. With a view to solving the defects of energy consumption, environmental protection and low toughness of traditional cement-based materials. At the same time, nanomaterials have become a focus of current research. Therefore, the research on the properties of cement-based materials and geopolymers modified by graphene and its derivatives has aroused extensive interest of researchers. Graphene-based nanomaterials are one of them. Because of their large specific surface area, excellent physical properties have been favored by many researchers. This paper reviews the research progress of graphene-based nanomaterials in improving the properties of cement-based materials and geopolymer materials, and points out the main challenges and development prospects of such materials in the construction field in the future.
•This study examines the factors that affect short-form video app addiction.•Social interaction anxiety and social isolation increases interpersonal attachment.•Personalization and entertainment ...increases site attachment.•Interpersonal and site attachments increase short-form video app addiction.
Short-form video applications (apps) have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, the excessive use of these apps can be addictive for certain individuals. This paper combined the socio-technical approach and attachment theory to build a holistic framework to study the factors that affected addiction to short-form video apps. In this study, 388 valid questionnaires were collected to test the hypotheses. Results corroborated that social interaction anxiety and social isolation were positively related to interpersonal attachment and that personalization and entertainment were positively related to site attachment. Interpersonal and site attachments had significant positive influences on short-form video app addiction. Moreover, neuroticism positively moderated the influence of social interaction anxiety on interpersonal attachment and positively moderated the influence of personalization on site attachment.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Pentatomic heterobiaryl performs as a key structural motif in various natural products and bioactive compounds. With the rapid growth of asymmetric catalysis, five‐membered heterobiaryl‐based ...catalysts and ligands have emerged as an efficient complementary toolbox for asymmetric catalysis. Therefore, the development of enantioselective construction of such pentatomic atropisomers has received significant attention in recent decade. Various catalytic asymmetric strategies have been established, including central to axial chirality conversion, direct generation of heteroaryl, direct assembly of aryl‐heteroaryls, functionalization of racemic or prochiral biaryls, and chirality transfer from atropisomeric alkenes. Hundreds of unprecedented pentatomic atropisomers have proliferated. Importantly, a few promising axially chiral catalysts and ligands have been obtained from the prepared heterobiaryls after simple transformations. Hence, recent advances of catalytic asymmetric construction of axially chiral pentatomic heterobiaryls through asymmetric catalysis are summarized in this review, involving their scope, mechanism, transformations, and applications.
Asymmetric catalysis: The very recent strategies toward the catalytic asymmetric construction of pentatomic heterobiaryls have been discussed in five parts, including 1) central to axial chirality conversion, 2) direct construction of heteroaryls, 3) direct assembly of aryls and heteroaryls, 4) functionalization of racemic or prochiral biaryls, and 5) chirality transfer from atropisomeric alkenes. The applications of the prepared axially chiral scaffolds as chiral ligands and/or organocatalysts have been discussed, which will promote the development of asymmetric catalysis.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
RNA virus infections are detected by the RIG-I family of receptors, which induce type-I interferons through the mitochondrial protein MAVS. MAVS forms large prion-like polymers that activate the ...cytosolic kinases IKK and TBK1, which in turn activate NF-κB and IRF3, respectively, to induce interferons. Here we show that MAVS polymers recruit several TRAF proteins, including TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6, through distinct TRAF-binding motifs. Mutations of these motifs that disrupted MAVS binding to TRAFs abrogated its ability to activate IRF3. IRF3 activation was also abolished in cells lacking TRAF2, 5, and 6. These TRAF proteins promoted ubiquitination reactions that recruited NEMO to the MAVS signaling complex, leading to the activation of IKK and TBK1. These results delineate the mechanism of MAVS signaling and reveal that TRAF2, 5, and 6, which are normally associated with NF-κB activation, also play a crucial role in IRF3 activation in antiviral immune responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00785.001.
PDF
