This work has reviewed from a microbial perspective and listed the typical studies on MBR techniques for saline wastewater treatments. When the salinity of influent is lower than 10 g/L NaCl, ...conventional MBR can be easily applied with adjusted operating conditions. For better biodegradation and anti-fouling ability at higher salinities (10–100 g/L), modified and hybrid MBR systems may need to be wisely designed according to the change in the microbial community and contents of EPS/SMP. To treat hypersaline wastewaters with salinities of up to 100 g/L NaCl, inoculation of halophilic bacteria has been applied in MBR works. Microbial community structures in some typical works have been discussed from a microbial perspective to benefit the identification and isolation of halophilic bacteria for future works. The following aspects are also suggested in future MBR research for saline wastewater treatment: (1) The structure design of MBR and the manufacture of advanced membranes; (2) The maintenance of the microbial biodiversity for anti-membrane fouling; (3) The metabolic mechanism for halophilic (or salt-tolerant) microorganisms against salinity shocks; (4) The revolution stage and process of microorganisms during saline wastewater treatment in MBR; (5) The effects of characteristics (cell structure, shape and metabolic pathways) of microorganisms on the salt tolerance; (6) Applying halophilic microorganisms for salinities over 150 g/L NaCl.
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•Conventional MBR has been used for salinity below 10 g/L.•Inoculation of halophilic microorganisms can be applied for salinity up to 150 g/L.•Typical halophilic microorganisms and MBR-hybrid systems are reviewed.•Membrane biofouling is discussed from a microbial perspective.•Tendency for possible future works is suggested.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Over 60 years of spacecraft exploration has revealed that the Earth's Moon is characterized by a lunar crust
dominated by the mineral plagioclase, overlying a more mafic (richer in iron and ...magnesium) mantle of uncertain composition. Both crust and mantle formed during the earliest stages of lunar evolution when late-stage accretional energy caused a molten rock (magma) ocean, flotation of the light plagioclase, sinking of the denser iron-rich minerals, such as olivine and pyroxene, and eventually solidification
. Very large impact craters can potentially penetrate through the crust and sample the lunar mantle. The largest of these craters is the approximately 2,500-kilometre-diameter South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin
on the lunar far side. Evidence obtained from orbiting spacecraft shows that the floor of the SPA basin is rich in mafic minerals
, but their mantle origin is controversial and their in situ geologic settings are poorly known. China's Chang'E-4 lunar far-side lander recently touched down in the Von Kármán crater
to explore the floor of the huge SPA basin and deployed its rover, Yutu-2. Here we report on the initial spectral observations of the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrometer (VNIS)
onboard Yutu-2, which we interpret to represent the presence of low-calcium (ortho)pyroxene and olivine, materials that may originate from the lunar mantle. Geological context
suggests that these materials were excavated from below the SPA floor by the nearby 72-km-diameter Finsen impact crater event, and transported to the landing site. Continued exploration by Yutu-2 will target these materials on the floor of the Von Kármán crater to understand their geologic context, origin and abundance, and to assess the possibility of sample-return scenarios.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Mechanical pain sensing, adipogenesis, and STING‐dependent innate immunity seem three distinct biological processes without substantial relationships. Intriguingly, TMEM120A, a transmembrane protein, ...has been shown to detect mechanical pain stimuli as a mechanosensitive channel, contribute to adipocyte differentiation/function by regulating genome organization and promote STING trafficking to active cellular innate immune response. However, the role of TMEM120A as a mechanosensitive channel was challenged by recent studies which cannot reproduce data supporting its role in mechanosensing. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism by which TMEM120A contributes to adipocyte differentiation/function and promotes STING trafficking remains elusive. In this review, we discuss these multiple proposed functions of TMEM120A and hypothesize the molecular mechanism underlying TMEM120A's role in fatty acid metabolism and STING signaling.
TMEM120A was shown to be an ion channel to sense mechanical pain but this function was later disputed. It has also been demonstrated to regulate adipocyte differentiation and positively regulate STING trafficking to activate innate immunity. Its multiple functions are discussed and the underlying molecular mechanism is hypothesized.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses known as Betacoronavirus in Coronaviridae, first reported late 2019 in China. It has since been circulating world-wide, ...causing the COVID-19 epidemic with high infectivity and fatality rates. As of the beginning of April 2021, pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 130 million people and led to more than 2.84 million deaths. Given the severity of the epidemic, scientists from academia and industry are rushing to identify antiviral strategies to combat the disease. There are several strategies in antiviral drugs for coronaviruses including empirical testing of known antiviral drugs, large-scale phenotypic screening of compound libraries and target-based drug discovery. To date, an increasing number of drugs have been shown to have anti-coronavirus activities
in vitro
and
in vivo
, but only remdesivir and several neutralizing antibodies have been approved by the US FDA for treating COVID-19. However, remdesivir’s clinical effects are controversial and new antiviral drugs are still urgently needed. We will discuss the current status of the drug discovery efforts against COVID-19 and potential future directions. With the ever-increasing movability of human population and globalization of world economy, emerging and reemerging viral infectious diseases seriously threaten public health. Particularly the past and ongoing outbreaks of coronaviruses cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic and neurological diseases in infected animals and human (
Woo et al., 2009
). The human coronavirus (HCoV) strains (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1) usually cause common cold with mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections. By contrast, the emergence of three deadly human betacoronaviruses, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS) (
Zaki et al., 2012
), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (
Lee et al., 2003
), the SARS-CoV-2 (
Jin et al., 2020a
) highlight the need to identify new treatment strategies for viral infections. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of COVID-19 disease named by World Health Organization (WHO) (
Zhu N. et al., 2020
). This disease manifests as either an asymptomatic infection or a mild to severe pneumonia. This pandemic disease causes extent morbidity and mortality in the whole world, especially regions out of China. Similar to SARS and MERS, the SARS CoV-2 genome encodes four structural proteins, sixteen non-structural proteins (nsp) and accessory proteins. The structural proteins include spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleoprotein (N). The spike glycoprotein directly recognizes and engages cellular receptors during viral entry. The four non-structural proteins including papain-like protease (PL
pro
), 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL
pro
), helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are key enzymes involved in viral transcription and replication. The spike and the four key enzymes were considered attractive targets to develop antiviral agents (
Zumla et al., 2016
). The catalytic sites of the four enzymes of SARS-CoV2 share high similarities with SARS CoV and MERS in genomic sequences (
Morse et al., 2020
). Besides, the structures of the key drug-binding pockets are highly conserved among the three coronaviruses (
Morse et al., 2020
). Therefore, it follows naturally that existing anti-SARS-CoV and anti-MERS drugs targeting these enzymes can be repurposed for SARS-CoV-2. Based on previous studies in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it is anticipated a number of therapeutics can be used to control or prevent emerging infectious disease COVID-19 (
Li and de Clercq, 2020
;
Wang et al., 2020c
;
Ita, 2021
), these include small-molecule drugs, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies. Given the urgency of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, here we discuss the discovery and development of new therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the strategies from which the new drugs are derived.
•We study auctions with both common and private components to bidders' valuations.•We explore bidders' incentives of communication.•Bidders share the common-value signal and earn more from the ...private-value signal.•It achieves a full efficiency for the society.
We explore the incentives to reveal verifiable private information when there are both common and private components to agents' valuations and when private information is held in both dimensions. When agents observe only one signal, they have no incentive to reveal the signal because such a revelation would negate their information advantage. However, when agents observe multiple signals, they may be incentivized to reveal certain signals that could lower their opponents' bids and thereby result in a higher profit from other signals. This paper shows that there exists an equilibrium with revelation of common-value signals in standard auctions, which is an efficient equilibrium that maximizes the social welfare and could provide the seller with a higher profit than a situation with no information revelation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Trajectory outlier detection is one of the fundamental data mining techniques used to analyze the trajectory data of the Global Positioning System. A comprehensive literature review of trajectory ...outlier detectors published between 2000 and 2022 led to a conclusion that conventional trajectory outlier detectors suffered from drawbacks, either due to the detectors themselves or the pre-processing methods for the variable-length trajectory inputs utilized by detectors. To address these issues, we proposed a feature extraction method called middle polar coordinates (MiPo). MiPo extracted tabular features from trajectory data prior to the application of conventional outlier detectors to detect trajectory outliers. By representing variable-length trajectory data as fixed-length tabular data, MiPo granted tabular outlier detectors the ability to detect trajectory outliers, which was previously impossible. Experiments with real-world datasets showed that MiPo outperformed all baseline methods with 0.99 AUC on average; however, it only required approximately 10% of the computing time of the existing industrial best. MiPo exhibited linear time and space complexity. The features extracted by MiPo may aid other trajectory data mining tasks. We believe that MiPo has the potential to revolutionize the field of trajectory outlier detection.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Chang'E-4 (CE-4) was the first mission to accomplish the goal of a successful soft landing on the lunar farside. The landing trajectory and the location of the landing site can be effectively ...reconstructed and determined using series of images obtained during descent when there were no Earth-based radio tracking and the telemetry data. Here we reconstructed the powered descent trajectory of CE-4 using photogrammetrically processed images of the CE-4 landing camera, navigation camera, and terrain data of Chang'E-2. We confirmed that the precise location of the landing site is 177.5991°E, 45.4446°S with an elevation of -5935 m. The landing location was accurately identified with lunar imagery and terrain data with spatial resolutions of 7 m/p, 5 m/p, 1 m/p, 10 cm/p and 5 cm/p. These results will provide geodetic data for the study of lunar control points, high-precision lunar mapping, and subsequent lunar exploration, such as by the Yutu-2 rover.
Dear Editor, The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat （CRISPR）/CRISPR-associated protein （Cas） system has revolutionized biomedical research and facilitated the development of new ...therapies based on genome editing 1. A major roadblock to achieve the therapeutic potential of the CRISPR/Cas system is the lack of a safe and effectiving in vivo delivery method.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Mitochondria are recognized as the ideal target for cancer treatment because they play a central role in oxidative metabolism and apoptosis. In this work, a mitochondria‐targeted near‐infrared (NIR) ...photosensitizer (PS) for synchronous cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) is synthesized. This multifunctional small‐molecule PS is developed from a variety of synthesized heptamethine cyanine dyes, which are modified with various N‐alkyl side chains on the lipophilic cationic heptamethine core. It is demonstrated to preferentially accumulate in cancer cells by organic‐anion transporting polypeptide mediated active transport and retain in mitochondria by its lipophilic cationic property. As mitochondria are susceptible to hyperthermia and excessive reactive oxygen species, this new PS integrating PTT and PDT treatment exhibits highly efficient phototherapy in multiple cancer cells and animal xenograft models. Furthermore, this targeted PS with NIR imaging property also enables tumors and their margins clearly visualized, providing the potential for precisely imaging‐guided phototherapy and treatment monitoring. This is the first report that a small‐molecule PS integrates both cancer PTT and PDT treatment by targeting mitochondria, significantly increasing the photosensitization. This work may also present a practicable strategy to develop small‐molecule‐based cancer theranostic agents for simultaneous cancer targeting, imaging, and therapy.
A heptamethine cyanine dye preferentially accumulates in cancer cells by organic‐anion‐transporting‐polypeptide‐mediated active transport and penetrates into mitochondria by its lipophilic cationic property. This multifunctional small‐molecule photosensitizer (PS) is developed for synchronous cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) by targeting cancer‐cell mitochondria.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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