Symmetry breaking provides a new material design strategy for nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (SMAs). The past 10 years have witnessed significant advances in asymmetric nonfullerene SMAs in ...organic solar cells (OSCs) with power conversion efficiency (PCE) increasing from ≈1% to ≈14%. In this review, the progress of asymmetric nonfullerene SMAs, including early reports of asymmetric nonfullerene SMAs, asymmetric PDI‐based nonfullerene SMAs, and asymmetric acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A)‐type nonfullerene SMAs, is summarized. The structure–property relationships and the perspectives for future development of asymmetric nonfullerene SMAs are also discussed.
Symmetry breaking provides a new material design strategy for nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (SMAs). The past 10 years have witnessed significant advances in asymmetric nonfullerene SMAs in organic solar cells (OSCs). In this review, the progress of asymmetric nonfullerene SMAs is reviewed. The structure–property relationships and the perspectives for future development of asymmetric non‐fullerene SMAs are also discussed.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Nanomaterials (NMs) are widely used in commercial and medical products, such as cosmetics, vaccines, and drug carriers. Exposure to NMs via various routes such as dermal, inhalation, and ingestion ...has been shown to gain access to the systemic circulation, resulting in the accumulation of NMs in the liver. The unique organ structures and blood flow features facilitate the liver sequestration of NMs, which may cause adverse effects in the liver. Currently, most in vivo studies are focused on NMs accumulation at the organ level and evaluation of the gross changes in liver structure and functions, however, cell‐type‐specific uptake and responses, as well as the molecular mechanisms at cellular levels leading to effects at organ levels are lagging. Herein, the authors systematically review diverse interactions of NMs with the liver, specifically on major liver cell types including Kupffer cells (KCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and hepatocytes as well as the detailed molecular mechanisms involved. In addition, the knowledge gained on nano‐liver interactions that can facilitate the development of safer nanoproducts and nanomedicine is also reviewed.
The widespread exposure of nanomaterials to the body and gaining access to systemic circulation lead to nanomaterial liver accumulation. This induces cell‐type‐specific uptake and responses to NMs with various physicochemical properties. Understanding nano‐liver interactions helps to develop safer nanoproducts and more effective nanomedicine.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Nanotechnology is enjoying an impressive growth and the global nanotechnology industry is expected to exceed US$ 125 billion by 2024. Based on these successes, there are notions that enough is known ...and efforts on engineered nanomaterial environmental health and safety (nano‐EHS) research should be put on the back burner. However, there are recent events showing that it is not the case. The US Food and Drug Administration found ferumoxytol (carbohydrate‐coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle) for anemia treatment could induce lethal anaphylactic reactions. The European Union will categorize TiO2 as a category 2 carcinogen due to its inhalation hazard and France banned use of TiO2 (E171) in food from January 1, 2020 because of its carcinogenic potential. Although nanoindustry is seemingly in a healthy state, growth could be hindered for the lack of certainty and more nano‐EHS research is needed for the sustainable growth of nanoindustry. Herein, the current knowledge gaps and the way forward are elaborated.
Nanotechnology is enjoying an impressive growth. However, the US Food and Drug Administration found superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles could induce lethal anaphylaxis. The European Union will categorize TiO2 as a category 2 carcinogen and France banned use of TiO2 in food. Since the growth could be hindered for the lack of certainty, more research is needed to be done on the environmental health and safety aspect of nanotechnology for the sustainable growth of nanoindustries.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
For the full rank of appraisement, college students act a central party in the instructive fabric of colleges and universities. The common attribute teaching should settle the reciprocal expert ...valuation agreeing to the specifying goals of training. Establishing a practical and energetic system for appraising the extensive rank of college students is a topical valuable for investigation. This writing confers a mandate supported on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to exactly rank the compendious degree, college students, frame estimation indicators, calculative crushing, and generate rising wherefore to distinct mayor leagues. Taking the full attribute valuation of electronic computer greater combine, a college as a represent, the import and implementation of this precept are utter details. Through the analysis of the passable state of the thorough nature appraisement, college students, alluring Taiyuan University of Science and Technology as an instance, a large property valuation dummy was established with the assistance of analytic hierarchy outgrowth. A reasonable valuation of students foresees a notional base.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A reconfigurable preamplifier physical unclonable function (Pre-Amp PUF) is designed to support multiple challenge-response pairs per bitcell with zero array area impact. A novel addressing scheme ...executed on balanced pull-up and pull-down networks of the bitcell allow for reconfigurability of the PUF key and obfuscation of the data located within the chip. The Pre-Amp PUF bitcell is uniquely situated to replace other array-based PUF designs through improved hardware security and resistance to reverse engineering using imaging. Data is sensed using tens of millivolts of differential signal and remains valid only when a bitcell is selected for a read operation.
Along with the barbarous growth of spams, anti-spam technologies including rule-based approaches and machine-learning thrive rapidly as well. In antispam industry, the rule-based systems (RBS) ...becomes the most prominent methods for fighting spam due to its capability to enrich and update rules remotely. However, the antispam filtering throughput is always a great challenge of RBS. Especially, the explosively spreading of obfuscated words leads to frequent rule update and extensive rule vocabulary expansion. These incremental obfuscated words make the filtering speed slow down and the throughput decrease. This paper addresses the challenging throughput issue and proposes a constant time complexity rule-based spam detection algorithm. The algorithm has a constant processing speed, which is independent of rule and its vocabulary size. A new special data structure, namely, Hash Forest, and a rule encoding method are developed to make constant time complexity possible. Instead of traversing each spam term in rules, the proposed algorithm manages to detect spam terms by checking a very small portion of all terms. The experiment results show effectiveness of proposed algorithm.
Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) produce full security keys without needing to store the key directly in nonvolatile memory (NVM) or publicly. PUFs rely on a stable entropy source across voltage, ...temperature, and lifetime. A high-gain preamplifier (Pre-Amp) bit cell was built into a dense 2-D array configured as 16 cells per bitline (BL) and 64 cells per wordline (WL). A hardware (HW) sample of 40 chips (1 Kb/chip) was manufactured in GLOBAL FOUNDRIES (GF) 12-nm (12 lp) CMOS technology for a total raw bit count of 40 960 bits. HW characterization was performed to support power supply ranging from 0.7 to 1.0 V and junction temperatures ranging from −40 °C to 125 °C with a worst case bit error rate (BER) of 0.174% after stabilization. The entropy source array is complete for productization with control logic and analog power system block for process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) compensation. A stable bit identification and sensing circuit is designed to identify bit cells that are robust against varied test conditions. The NIST 800-90B test suite was run on the native array and stable entropy source bits with minimum entropy scores of 0.65/bit and 0.697/bit, respectively. This article then introduces for the first time ever the ability for a PUF key to be corrupted and physically destroyed, which can be utilized to stop a tamper event or to corrupt obsolete chips. In the self-destruct (SD) mode, the entropy source data can be irreversibly destroyed, blocking all future authentication attempts. HW data show the before and after SD bitmaps, where electromigration (EM) physically breaks the connection of the entropy source bit cells from the sensing circuits. A safety lock circuit is also included to prevent inadvertent SD.
This paper aims at high-accuracy 3D object detection in autonomous driving scenario. We propose Multi-View 3D networks (MV3D), a sensory-fusion framework that takes both LIDAR point cloud and RGB ...images as input and predicts oriented 3D bounding boxes. We encode the sparse 3D point cloud with a compact multi-view representation. The network is composed of two subnetworks: one for 3D object proposal generation and another for multi-view feature fusion. The proposal network generates 3D candidate boxes efficiently from the birds eye view representation of 3D point cloud. We design a deep fusion scheme to combine region-wise features from multiple views and enable interactions between intermediate layers of different paths. Experiments on the challenging KITTI benchmark show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art by around 25% and 30% AP on the tasks of 3D localization and 3D detection. In addition, for 2D detection, our approach obtains 14.9% higher AP than the state-of-the-art on the hard data among the LIDAR-based methods.
This article reviews the clinical applications of Superb Microvascular Imaging (SMI; Canon Medical Systems, Otawara, Japan) in the liver, breast, thyroid, skeletal muscle, and carotid plaques. ...Diseases that are closely associated with angiogenesis can be diagnosed by SMI in a relatively early phase, and using SMI can prevent adverse reactions associated with the contrast agents used in contrast‐enhanced ultrasound. Super Microvascular Imaging also shows particular value in grading disease activities and monitoring therapeutic responses. Although SMI has some limitations, such as a lack of clinical standards, it can add information to conventional ultrasound examinations and may become a noninvasive alternative to invasive diagnostic procedures for many clinical conditions.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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