Mercury (Hg) pollution is a well-recognized global environmental and health issue and exhibits distinctive persistence, neurotoxicity, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification effects. As the largest ...global Hg reservoir, the Hg cumulatively stored in soils has reached as high as 250–1000 Gg. Even more concerning is that global soil–rice systems distributed in many countries have become central to the global Hg cycle because they are both a major food source for more than 3 billion people worldwide and the central bridge linking atmospheric and soil Hg circulation. In this review, we discuss the form distribution, transformation, and bioavailability of Hg in soil–rice systems by focusing on the Hg methylation and demethylation pathways and distribution, uptake, and accumulation in rice plants and the effects of Hg on the community structure and ecological functions of microorganisms in soil–rice systems. In addition, we clarify the mechanisms through which commonly used humus and biochar organic amendments influence Hg and its environmental effects in soil–rice systems. The review also elaborates on the advantages of sulfur-modified biochars and their critical role in controlling Hg migration and bioavailability in soils. Finally, we provide key information about Hg pollution in soil–rice systems, which is of great significance for developing appropriate strategies and mitigation planning to limit Hg bioconcentration in rice crops and achieving key global sustainable development goals, such as the guarantee of food security and the promotion of sustainable agriculture.
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•Microbially reductive and oxidative Hg demethylation are governed by environmental factors.•Hg in paddy soil has a predictable impact on bacterial ecological clusters and functional genes.•The formation and accumulation of MeHg in rice soil system is related to soil organic matter.•Biochar application had a two-way effect on MeHg concentration in paddy system.•Natural S-rich instead of artificial s-modified biochar has advantages in paddy Hg remediation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In the past two decades, clean energy such as hydro, wind, and solar power has achieved significant development under the “green recovery” global goal, and it may become the key method for countries ...to realize a low-carbon energy system. Here, the development of renewable energy power generation, the typical hydro-wind-photovoltaic complementary practical project, is summarized, and some key problems in complementary systems such as the description and prediction of the power generation law in large-scale stations, risk management, and coordinated operation are analyzed. In terms of these problems, this paper systematically summarizes the research methods and characteristics of a hydro-wind-solar hybrid system and expounds upon the technical realization process from the prediction and description of wind and solar power station cluster output, the risks brought about by large-scale renewable energy grid-connected operation, and the long-term and short-term coordination modeling and resolution thoughts on the hydro-wind-solar hybrid system in cluster mode. Finally, based on the aforementioned analysis, the existing research gaps are discussed from the standpoints of generation forecast, risk management, and cluster scheduling, and the future work outlook is presented accordingly. A hybrid system that combines hydro, wind, and solar energy is emerging as a way to make up for each other’s shortcomings and will be a fruitful area of study in the future.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Bingpian is a time‐honored herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is an almost pure chemical with a chemical composition of (+)‐borneol and has been historically used as a topical analgesic ...for millennia. However, the clinical efficacy of topical borneol lacks stringent evidence‐based clinical studies and verifiable scientific mechanism. We examined the analgesic efficacy of topical borneol in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study involving 122 patients with postoperative pain. Topical application of borneol led to significantly greater pain relief than placebo did. Using mouse models of pain, we identified the TRPM8 channel as a molecular target of borneol and showed that topical borneol‐induced analgesia was almost exclusively mediated by TRPM8, and involved a downstream glutamatergic mechanism in the spinal cord. Investigation of the actions of topical borneol and menthol revealed mechanistic differences between borneol‐ and menthol‐induced analgesia and indicated that borneol exhibits advantages over menthol as a topical analgesic. Our work demonstrates that borneol, which is currently approved by the US FDA to be used only as a flavoring substance or adjuvant in food, is an effective topical pain reliever in humans and reveals a key part of the molecular mechanism underlying its analgesic effect.
Synopsis
Borneol has been used as a topical analgesic in traditional Chinese medicine for millennia. Topical application of borneol leads to significant pain relief in humans and mouse models. The TRPM8 channel is identified as a molecular target of borneol and mediates borneol‐induced analgesia.
Topical application of borneol leads to significantly greater pain relief than placebo does in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study involving 122 patients with postoperative pain.
The TRPM8 channel is a molecular target of borneol and mediates topical borneol‐induced analgesia in mice.
A downstream glutamatergic mechanism in the spinal cord contributes to topical borneol‐induced analgesia.
Borneol shows mechanistic differences and advantages as a topical analgesic when compared with menthol.
Borneol has been used as a topical analgesic in traditional Chinese medicine for millennia. Topical application of borneol leads to significant pain relief in humans and mouse models. The TRPM8 channel is identified as a molecular target of borneol and mediates borneol‐induced analgesia.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
IgA-coated
live in the mucous layer of the human or mammalian intestine in close proximity to epithelial cells. They act as potential probiotics for functional food development, but their ...physiological regulation has not yet been studied. We isolated IgA-targeted (
IgA21) and lumen lactic acid bacterial strains (
FS1) from the fecal microbiota of a healthy woman. C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal (CON) or high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks and then treated with IgA21 or FS1 for 4 weeks. HFD caused dyslipidemia, mucosal barrier damage, and intestinal microbiota abnormalities. Only IgA21 significantly inhibited dyslipidemia and gut barrier damage. This was related to significant up-regulation of mucin-2, PIgR mRNA expression, and colonic butyrate production (
< 0.05 vs. HFD). Unlike IgA21, FS1 caused a more pronounced gut dybiosis than did HFD, and, in particular, it induced a significant decrease in the
S24-7 group and an increase in
(
< 0.05 vs. CON). In conclusion, IgA-coated and non-coated lactic acid bacteria of gut have been demonstrated to differentially affect the intestinal barrier and serum lipids. This indicates that IgA-bound bacteria possess the potential to more easily interact with the host gut to regulate homeostasis.
Respiratory droplet characteristics are key to determine the droplet-borne pathogen transmission, which provide scientific basis for formulating the disease prevention from droplet transmission and ...control measures. Through studying the data information from existing documents, this paper gives the respiratory droplet characteristics, like size, concentration, velocity, etc. Meanwhile, droplet evaporation, droplet-borne pathogen activity and their transmission are discussed. The droplet size is no significant difference with human health level, gender and age. The size of droplets produced by health people is between 0.1 and 10μm, it produced by patients is between 0.05 and 10μm, and the patients’ droplet concentration is higher. The coughed droplet concentrations change with the size into a peak rule. The velocity of the cough droplets is the biggest, the range of 10 to 25m/s, the transmission distance is more than 2m.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Although disrupted bile acid (BA) homeostasis is implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the role of hepatic BA metabolism in the pathogenesis of colitis is poorly understood. Here, we found ...that cholic acid (CA) levels were increased in patients and mice. Cytochrome P450 8B1 (CYP8B1), which synthesizes CA, was induced in livers of colitic mice. CA-treated or liver Cyp8b1-overexpressing mice developed more severe colitis with compromised repair of the mucosal barrier, whereas Cyp8b1-knockout mice were resistant to colitis. Mechanistically, CA inhibited peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), resulting in impeded fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and impaired Lgr5+ intestinal stem cell (ISC) renewal. A PPARα agonist restored FAO and improved Lgr5+ ISC function. Activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) suppressed liver CYP8B1 expression and ameliorated colitis in mice. This study reveals a connection between the hepatic CYP8B1-CA axis and colitis via regulating intestinal epithelial regeneration, suggesting that BA-based strategies might be beneficial in IBD treatment.
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•CA accumulates in the gut during colitis because of activation of hepatic CYP8B1•Exogenous CA or liver CYP8B1 overexpression potentiates intestinal injury•Excessive CA triggers Lgr5+ ISCs dysfunction by suppressing PPARα-mediated FAO•Activation of liver FXR and ablation of CYP8B1 expression alleviate colitis
Xie and colleagues propose a regulatory mechanism of hepatic bile acid metabolism in colitis pathogenesis. They find that the hepatic CYP8B1-cholic acid metabolic axis impairs Lgr5+ intestinal stem cell renewal by repressing PPARα, thus exacerbating intestinal injury. Hepatic FXR activation or CYP8B1 knockout restores damaged epithelial barrier and alleviates colitis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Previously we have shown that a quick down-regulation in PSI activity compares to that of PSII following short-term heat stress for two rice groups including C4023 and Q4149, studied herein. These ...accessions were identified to have different natural capacities in driving cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI; i.e., low CEF (lcef) and high CEF (hcef) for C4023 and Q4149, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate whether these two lines have different mechanisms of protecting photosystem II from photodamage under heat stress. We observed a stepwise alteration in the shape of Chl a fluorescence induction (OJIP) with increasing temperature treatment. The effect of 44°C treatment on the damping in Chl a fluorescence was more pronounced in C4023 than in Q4149. Likewise, we noted a disruption in the I-step, a decline in the Fv due to a strong damping in the Fm, and a slight increase in the F0. Normalized data demonstrated that the I-step seems more susceptible to 44°C in C4023 than in Q4149. We also measured the redox states of plastocyanin (PC) and P700 by monitoring the transmission changes at 820nm (I820), and observed a disturbance in the oxidation/reduction kinetics of PC and P700. The decline in the amplitude of their oxidation was shown to be about 29% and 13% for C4023 and Q4149, respectively. The electropotential component (Δφ) of ms-DLE appeared more sensitive to temperature stress than the chemical component (ΔpH), and the impact of heat was more evident and drastic in C4023 than in Q4149. Under heat stress, we noticed a concomitant decline in the primary photochemistry of PSII as well as in both the membrane energization process and the lumen protonation for both accessions, and it is evident that heat affects these parameters more in C4023 than in Q4149. All these data suggest that higher CET can confer higher photoprotection to PSII in rice lines, which can be a desirable trait during rice breeding, especially in the context of a “warming” world.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. (hereafter “F. mandshurica”) is known as one of northeast China′s important, valuable hardwood timber species. However, tissue culture and micropropagation of the species ...are difficult and have low efficiency, limiting asexual propagation. In this manuscript, stem explants were utilized to establish an effective regeneration system through adventitious bud organogenesis. The factors influencing callus regeneration in vitro were determined, and callus regeneration technology was established. The mechanism of adventitious bud formation was analyzed. Thidiazuron (TDZ) played a crucial role in the formation of adventitious buds. Elevated concentrations of TDZ were beneficial to callus induction and low concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) led to loose state callus formation. The order of callus induction rates for different explants was stem cotyledon (100%) > segment (98.54%) > hypocotyl (92.56%) > root (50.71%). The effects of exogenous addition of 6-BA and TDZ on the endogenous hormone content of plants during the regeneration of adventitious buds were also assessed, as well as the expression characteristics of genes related to the regeneration pathway. The comprehensive analysis results showed that the suitable medium for callus induction and adventitious bud differentiation was c12 medium (MSB5 + 30 g/L sucrose + 7 g/L Agar + 5 mg/L 6-BA + 8 mg/L TDZ + 2 mg/L glycine + 0.1 mg/L IBA + 5% coconut water). The induction rates of callus and adventitious buds were 99.15% and 33.33%. The addition of 2.4 mg/L of the DNA demethylation reagent 5-azacytidine (5-aza) and 0.15 mg/L of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) increased the rates of adventitious bud induction by 17.78% over the control. This further laid the foundation for large-scale cultivation of excellent varieties and genetic transformation techniques.
Angiopoietin‐like 4 (ANGPTL4) is a secreted metabolism‐modulating glycoprotein involved in the progression of tumours, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and infectious diseases. In this ...study, more CD8+ T cells were activated to be effector T cells in ANGPTL4−/− mice. Impaired growth of tumours implanted in 3LL, B16BL6 or MC38 cells and reduced metastasis by B16F10 cells were observed in ANGPTL4−/− mice. Bone marrow (BM) transplantation experiments displayed that deficiency of ANGPTL4 in either host or BM cells promoted CD8+ T cell activation. However, ANGPTL4 deficiency in CD8+ T cells themselves showed more efficient anti‐tumour activities. Recombinant ANGPTL4 protein promoted tumour growth in vivo with the less CD8+ T cell infiltration and it directly downregulated CD8+ T cell activation ex vivo. Transcriptome sequencing and metabolism analysis identified that ANGPTL4−/− CD8+ T cells increased glycolysis and decreased oxidative phosphorylation, which was dependent on the PKCζ‐LKB1‐AMPK‐mTOR signalling axis. Reverse correlation of elevated ANGPTL4 levels in sera and tumour tissues with activated CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood was displayed in patients with colorectal cancer. These results demonstrated that ANGPTL4 decreased immune surveillance in tumour progression by playing an immune‐modulatory role on CD8+ T cells via metabolic reprogramming. Efficient blockade of ANGPTL4 expression in tumour patients would generate an effective anti‐tumour effect mediated by CD8+ T cells.
ANGPTL4 decreased anti‐tumour activities of CD8+ T cells by inducing their metabolic reprogramming. ANGPTL4 regulates CD8+ T cells which was dependent on PKCζ‐LKB1‐AMPK‐mTOR signalling axis. Efficient blockade of ANGPTL4 would generate an effective anti‐tumour effect. Created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/).
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Through the analysis of logging, field outcrops, cores and geochemical data, and based on the study of the relationships between sea level changes, sequence filling, paleo-geomorphy and lithofacies, ...the sequence lithofacies paleo-geography and evolution process of the Lower Permian Liangshan-Qixia Formation (Qixia Stage for short) in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas are restored. The Qixia Stage can be divided into three third-order sequences, in which SQ0, SQ1 and SQ2 are developed in the depression area, and SQ1 and SQ2 are only developed in other areas. The paleo-geomorphy reflected by the thickness of each sequence indicates that before the deposition of the Qixia Stage in the Early Permian, the areas surrounding the Sichuan Basin are characterized by “four uplifts and four depressions”, namely, four paleo-uplifts/paleo-lands of Kangdian, Hannan, Shennongjia and Xuefeng Mountain, and four depressions of Chengdu-Mianyang, Kangdian front, Jiangkou and Yichang; while the interior of the basin is characterized by “secondary uplifts, secondary depressions and alternating convex-concave”. SQ2 is the main shoal forming period of the Qixia Formation, and the high-energy mound shoal facies mainly developed in the highs of sedimentary paleo-geomorphy and the relative slope break zones. The distribution of dolomitic reservoirs (dolomite, limy dolomite and dolomitic limestone) has a good correlation with the sedimentary geomorphic highs and slope break zones. The favorable mound-shoal and dolomitic reservoirs are distributed around depressions at platform-margin and along highs and around sags in the basin. It is pointed out that the platform-margin area in western Sichuan Basin is still the key area for exploration at present; while areas around Chengdu-Mianyang depression and Guangwang secondary depression inside the platform and areas around sags in central Sichuan-southern Sichuan are favorable exploration areas for dolomitic reservoirs of the Qixia Formation in the next step.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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