Cerium oxide, solution processed at a low temperature (∼100 °C), was successfully employed as an electron extraction layer on top of a perovskite. The CeO
layer shows good charge selectivity and ...increases light reflection from an Ag electrode. Besides this, the CeO
layer not only protects the perovskite from water, but also acts as a dense diffusion barrier to prevent the corrosion of the metal electrode.
Tin-based perovskite materials have attracted intensive research due to its environmental friendliness and tremendous potential in the photovoltaic field. However, the extremely poor crystalline ...quality and awful stability of tin-based perovskite have restricted the further improvement in optoelectronic performance. Herein, a novel strategy of crystal orientate manipulation is proposed by introducing a self-assembly molecule, fluorinated-perylene diimide (F-PDI), which provides an external driving force to guide the orientated crystallization of perovskite in the vertical direction, and thus greatly promotes the effective transmission of carriers. The conductive F-PDI simultaneously serves as defect passivator and hydrophobic barrier layer, which boosts the photoelectric performance and contributes to the lattice robustness. As a result, the unencapsulated device based on F-PDI achieves considerable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.49% and exhibits remarkable long-term stability, maintaining over 80% of its original efficiency after ∼3000 h storage under light soaking.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Abstract
Iron participates in various crucial metabolic processes as an essential cofactor of many enzymes, which are vital to the survival of plants and their pathogens. However, excessive iron is ...toxic to the cells of plants and pathogens. Iron plays a complex role in the interactions between plants and pathogens. Plants and pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to modulate iron status at a moderate level for maintaining fitness. Iron competition extensively exists on both sides of plants and pathogens during infection. Plants employ iron withholding, local iron accumulation, or iron deficiency to trigger resistance against pathogens. Pathogens counteract host-derived iron stress or interfere with plant iron homeostasis to ensure virulence during infection. This review focuses on the recent progress in understanding the roles of iron in plant-pathogen interactions and proposes prospects for future studies.
Landmark power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 14% has been accomplished for single‐junction polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, the inevitable fracture of inorganic transporting layers and ...deficient interlayer adhesion are critical challenges to achieving the goal of flexible PSCs. Here, a bendable and thickness‐insensitive Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) modified by polydopamine (PDA) has emerged as a promising electron transporting layer (ETL) in PSCs. It has special ductility and adhesion to the active layer for improving the mechanical durability of the device. Nonfullerenes PSCs based on PBDB‐T‐2F:IT‐4F with AZO:1.5% PDA (80 nm) ETL yield the best PCE of 12.7%. More importantly, a prominent PCE, approaching 11.5%, is reached for the fully flexible device based on Ag‐mesh flexible electrode, and the device retains >91% of its initial PCE after bending for 1500 cycles. Such thickness insensitivity, mechanical durability, and interfacial adhesion properties for the inorganic ETLs are desired for the development of flexible and wearable PSCs with reliable photovoltaic performance and large‐area roll‐to‐roll printing manufacture.
A low temperature–processed metal oxide with excellent mechanical properties and thickness‐insensitivity is exploited as an electron transporting layer for high‐efficiency robust flexible polymer solar cells (PSCs). A record efficiency of 11.5% is achieved for the flexible PSCs, and over 91% of initial efficiency is well maintained after 1500 bending cycles.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is detrimental to multiple organ systems. Given the factor that aging also alters the cellularity and response of immune system and dysfunction of ...hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, -gonad and -thyroid axes, it is imperative to investigate whether chronic exposure to PM2.5 interacts with aging in these aspects. In this study, two-months-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to real world PM2.5 for 16 months. PM2.5 exposure diminished the relative numbers of CD4sup.+ T cells and CD8sup.+ T cells and increased the relative number of B cells in the peripheral blood of male rats. Conversely, only reduced relative number of CD4sup.+ T cells was seen in the blood of female rats. These shifts resulted in elevated levels of proinflammatory factors interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the circulatory systems of both sex, with females also evidencing a rise in interleukin-1β levels. Moreover, heightened interleukin-6 was solely discernible in the hippocampus of female subjects, while increased tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were widespread in female brain regions but confined to the male hypothalamus. Notable hormonal decreases were observed following PM2.5 exposure in both sex. These comprised declines in biomolecules such as corticotrophin-releasing hormone and cortisol, generated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and thyroid-releasing hormone and triiodothyronine, produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Hormonal elements such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, derived from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, were also diminished. Exclusive to male rats was a reduction in adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, whereas a fall in thyroid-stimulating hormone was unique to female rats. Decreases in sex-specific hormones, including testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone, were also noted. These findings significantly enrich our comprehension of the potential long-term health repercussions associated with PM2.5 interaction particularly among the aging populace.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
It is challenging to fabricate a simultaneously high-performance and stable Sn-based perovskite device owing to the inferiority of the Sn-based perovskite film and the rapid oxidation of Sn
2+
. ...Herein, a simple approach was employed and involved introducing an additive of aminoguanidine hydrochloride (NH
2
GACl) into a perovskite precursor solution to prepare efficient Sn-based perovskite solar cells. A higher film quality was obtained, due to the formation of strong hydrogen bonding between halide ions in the perovskite and NH
2
GACl, which helped to passivate the defects and lessen the rate of Sn
2+
oxidation. Also, the addition of NH
2
GACl was indicated to effectively adjust the energy level alignment between Sn-based perovskite and the adjacent layer, with this adjustment facilitating the charge transport. The perovskite device modified with NH
2
GACl achieved a power conversion efficiency of up to 7.3%, and retained 90% of its initial efficiency after 30 days in a nitrogen glovebox without being encapsulated.
Aminoguanidine hydrochloride passivated Sn-perovskite with a power conversion efficiency of 7.3%.
Overlap‐extension PCR is a method for splice of gene segments to produce focused fragments for constructing recombinant plasmid, but its complexity limits its application. To simplify the protocol ...and to improve the effectiveness, we employed gradient temperatures to replace the single annealing temperature in the thermo‐cycling program, and optimize the templates ratio. The concentration of each fragment was adjusted to 10 ng µl−1. Fragment concentration ratio was the inverse of the fragment size ratio. The products of fused segments were 2000–5000 bp in length using the revised one‐step method. This method splices effective two or more fragments to fused gene and produce recombinant plasmid.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Hybrid cross-linked membranes of SPES/TEOS/TPABS for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are synthesized by sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPES), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and a zwitterionic silica ...containing sulfonic acid and ammonium groups, 3-3-(triethoxysilyl)-propylaminobutane-1-sulfonic acid (TPABS) using a sol-gel process with the goal of obtaining high proton conductivity, low methanol permeability and good stability. Increasing the amount of inorganic zwitterionic TPABS produces membranes that become denser and more uniform. The increasingly SO3-rich cross-linked networks consequently lead to higher proton conductivity and lower methanol permeability. It should be noted that the proton conductivity reaches as high as that of Nafion® 117, whereas the methanol permeability is greatly reduced by the formation of the cross-linked structures. Among these membranes, SPES/TEOS/TPABS-70 (70 wt % of TPABS to SPES in the membrane matrix), shows the best performance with a proton conductivity value of 7.24×10−2Scm−1, methanol permeability value of 2.46×10−7cm2s−1, ion-exchange capacity value of 1.37mequivg−1 and a comparable selectivity parameter of 2.63×105Scm−3s.
Hybrid cross-linked membranes for direct methanol fuel cells are synthesized by the incorporation of a zwitterionic silica into sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) using a sol-gel process. The highly concentrated sulfonic acid groups and cross-linked structures create a good balance between proton conductivity and fuel permeability. These membranes possess high proton conductivity, up to 7.24×10−2Scm−1, and low methanol permeability of 0.66–2.47×10−7cm2s−1, which is one order of magnitude lower in comparison with Nafion®117. Display omitted
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Introduction: In the past 30 years, the prevalence of diabetes in China has increased from 0.67% to 11.6%. Self-management behaviors (SMBs) are significant to improve health outcomes for diabetics. ...However, little is known about self-management experiences of Chinese diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to explore family factors affecting SMBs. Methodology: A qualitative descriptive study was used. Purposive samples were recruited from Chinese communities. Semistructured interviews were conducted, and audio-recordings transcripts were analyzed using content analysis methods. Results: Twenty participants were interviewed, including 8 with well-controlled HbA1c while 12 were poorly controlled. Facilitators that promote patients’ SMBs were responsibility toward children and commitment to spouse; barriers that hinder patients’ SMBs were family experiences about starvation, seeking harmony-eating in a big family, living in an “empty nest,” and family financial burden. Discussion: This study provides insight into SMBs of Chinese diabetic patients. Professionals can develop tailored interventions in a Chinese cultural context according to patients’ perceptions of family responsibility, early experience, activities, and resources.
Full text
Available for:
NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
PDF
