Fluorescence‐based techniques have found potential biomedical applications owing to their high sensitivity, rapid response, and in situ characteristics. Traditional fluorescent probes suffer from ...aggregation‐caused quenching effects, which limit their usage at high concentrations or in nanoparticles. Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), on the other hand, is a phenomenon wherein luminogens are non‐emissive in dilute solutions but highly emissive in the aggregate and solid states. AIE bioconjugates formed by covalent linkage of AIE luminogens to biomolecules are especially promising candidates for biomedical applications because they show excellent biocompatibility, good water solubility, high specificity to the target of interest, wide functionality, and smart responsiveness. This review summarizes the methodologies in synthesizing AIE bioconjugates and their intricate applications in biosensing, bioimaging, image‐guided therapy, and “Lab‐in‐cell” over the past 20 years. Perspectives are also shared to inspire enthusiasm and motivate researchers to further develop this emerging field.
Covalent linkage of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) luminogens to biomolecules is a promising strategy for biomedical applications because they possess high biocompatibility, good water solubility, high specificity to target of interest, wide functionality, and smart responsiveness. This review summarizes the methodologies in the making of AIE bioconjugates and their recent biomedical applications in biosensing, bioimaging, image guided therapy, and lab‐in‐cell.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Ultrabright carbon nanodots‐hybridized silica nanospheres (CSNs) are synthesized through the Stöber process of silane functionalized C‐dots. The fluorescence of carbon nanodots is converged ...intensely. A CSN is about 3800 times brighter than a single‐carbon nanodot. Along with their high brightness and low cytotoxicity, CSNs also indicate their potential application in cellular labeling.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Sensitive identification and effective inactivation of the virus are paramount for the early diagnosis and treatment of viral infections to prevent the risk of secondary transmission of viruses in ...the environment. Herein, we developed a novel two-step fluorescence immunoassay using antibody/streptavidin dual-labeled polystyrene nanobeads and biotin-labeled G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzymes with peroxidase-mimicking activity for sensitive quantitation and efficient inactivation of living Zika virus (ZIKV). The dual-labeled nanobeads can specifically bind ZIKV through E protein targeting and simultaneously accumulate DNAzymes, leading to the catalytic oxidation of Amplex Red indicators and generation of intensified aggregation-induced emission fluorescence signals, with a detection limit down to 66.3 PFU/mL and 100% accuracy. Furthermore, robust reactive oxygen species generated in situ by oxidized Amplex Red upon irradiation can completely kill the virus. This sensitive and efficient detection–inactivation integrated system will expand the viral diagnostic tools and reduce the risk of virus transmission in the environment.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Manipulating biochemical reactions in living cells to synthesize nanomaterials is an attractive strategy to realize their synthesis that cannot take place in nature. Yeast cells have been skillfully ...utilized to produce desired nanoparticles through spatiotemporal coupling of intracellular nonrelated biochemical reaction pathways for formation of fluorescent CdSe quantum dots. Here, we have successfully transformed Staphylococcus aureus cells into cellular beacons (fluorescing cells), all of which are highly fluorescent and photostable with perfect uniformity. Importantly, on the basis of such cells, we efficiently fabricated fluorescent nanobioprobes by a specific interaction between the protein A expressed on the S. aureus surface and the Fc fragment domain of antibodies, avoiding the use of other common methods for cell surface modifications, such as molecular covalent connection or more difficult genetic and metabolic engineering. Coupled with immunomagnetic beads, the resulting fluorescent-biotargeting bifunctional cells, i.e., biotargeting cellular beacons, can be employed as nanobioprobes for detection of viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells. With this method, H9N2 AIV can be detected specifically with a limit of 8.94 ng/mL (based on protein content). Furthermore, diverse probes for detection of different pathogens or for other biomedical applications can be easily obtained by simply changing the antibody conjugated to the cell surface.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
With the rapid development of optical tools, biosensing and imaging have deepened to analyze the molecule-level substrates in living systems. As a molecular-ruler, Förster resonance energy transfer ...(FRET)-based analytical methods could sensitively response to the tiny fluctuation of biomolecules and events with ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolution in living cells, tissues and animals. Luminogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics and their derived nanostructures display unique photophysical properties, including tunable emission wavelength, robust brightness, broad absorption, large Stokes shift, excellent photostability, flexible molecular design and versatile nanostructural fabrication, etc., and have been widely applied in building FRET probes for bioanalytes sensing, imaging and drug delivery monitoring with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, AIE-based energy transfer systems exhibit unique advantages in photodynamic therapy, holding great potential in analytical research and biomedical applications.
•IE materials with large Stokes shift and strong photobleaching resistance show great potential in FRET construction.•Flexible and diversified structures enable AIE FRET systems to be widely applied in bioimaging and process tracking.•The strategies included non-conjugate/through-bond linked, nanoencapsulation, host-guest, chemiluminescence, etc.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Porous organic cages (POCs) are an emerging class of porous materials that have aroused considerable research interest because of their unique characteristics, including good solubility and a ...well-defined intrinsic cavity. However, there have so far been no reports of chiral POCs as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for enantioseparation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Herein, we report the first immobilization of a chiral POC, NC1-R, on thiol-functionalized silica using a mild thiol-ene click reaction to prepare novel CSPs for HPLC. Two CSPs (CSP-1 and CSP-2) with different spacers have been prepared. CSP-1, with a cationic imidazolium spacer, exhibited excellent enantioselectivity for the resolution of various racemates. Twenty-three and 12 racemic compounds or chiral drugs were well enantioseparated on the CSP-1-packed column under normal-phase and reversed-phase conditions, respectively, including alcohols, diols, esters, ethers, ketones, epoxides, organic acids, and amines. In contrast, chiral resolution using CSP-2 (without a cationic imidazolium spacer)-packed column B was inferior to that of column A, demonstrating the important role of the cationic imidazolium spacer for chiral separation. The chiral separation capability of column A was also compared with that of two most popular commercial chiral columns, Chiralpak AD-H and Chiralcel OD-H, which exhibits good chiral recognition complementarity with the two commercial chiral columns. In addition, five positional isomers dinitrobenzene, nitroaniline, chloroaniline, bromoaniline, and iodoaniline were also well separated on column A. The effects of temperature, mobile phase composition, and injected analyte mass for separation on column A were investigated. Column A also showed good stability and reproducibility after repeated injections. This work demonstrates that chiral POCs are promising chiral materials for HPLC enantioseparation.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Limited research exists regarding the relationship between fasting plasma C-peptide levels and sarcopenia. As a result, our study aimed to examine this association in elderly Chinese diabetic ...patients. This cross-sectional study included 288 elderly patients with diabetes mellitus from the Fourth People's Hospital in Guiyang who were enrolled prospectively between March 2020 and February 2023. The independent variable of interest was fasting plasma C-peptide, while the dependent variable was sarcopenia. Data on several covariates, including demographic factors, lifestyle habits, co-morbidities, anthropometric indicators, and laboratory indicators, were also collected. Of the 288 participants, 27.43% (79/288) had sarcopenia. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, we found a U-shaped association between fasting plasma C-peptide levels and sarcopenia, with inflection points identified at approximately 774 pmol/L and 939 mmol/L. Within the range of 50-744 pmol/L, each 100 pmol/L increase in CysC was associated with a 37% decrease in the odds of sarcopenia (odds ratio OR, 0.63; 95% confidence interval CI, 0.49 to 0.83; P < 0.001). Additionally, within the range of 939-1694 pmol/L, each 100 pmol/L increase in fasting plasma C-peptide was associated with a 76% increase in the odds of sarcopenia (odds ratio OR, 1.76; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.11 to 2.81; P = 0.017). Our study revealed a U-shaped association between fasting plasma C-peptide levels and the likelihood of sarcopenia, with lower risk in the range of 774-939 pmol/L. These findings may assist in the development of more effective prevention and treatment strategies for sarcopenia in elderly diabetic patients.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a rare subset of tumor cells, have been recognized as promotive role on tumor initiation and propagation. Among, aerobic glycolysis, widely clarified in multiple tumor ...cells, is the key for maintaining cancer stemness. Regrettably, it is largely unknown about the connection of cellular metabolic reprogramming and stemness in gastric carcinoma (GC). Two GC parental cells lines PAMC-82 and SNU-16 and their spheroids were obtained to determine the expression status of POU1F1 using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting analysis, respectively. Gain or loss-of-function assay was employed to assess its biological effects. Sphere formation and transwell assays were performed to evaluate the stem cell-like traits, including self-renewal capacity, migration and invasion. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays were conducted for determining the binding relationship of POU1F1 on ENO1 promoter region. Herein, aberrantly upregulated POU1F1 was observed in spheroids, compared with the parental PAMC-82 and SNU-16 cells, which promoted stem cell-like traits, as representing increasing sphere formation, enhanced cell migration and invasion. Additionally, POU1F1 expression was positively with glycolytic signaling, as displaying increasing glucose consumption, lactic acid production, and extracellular acid ratio (ECAR). Furthermore, POU1F1 was identified to be a transcriptional activator of ENO1, of which overexpression remarkably abolished POU1F1 knockdown-mediated blocking effects. Taken together, we draw a conclusion that POU1F1 facilitated the stem cell-like properties of GC cells through transcriptionally augmenting ENO1 to enhance glycolysis.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Optical manipulation and label-free characterization of nanoscale structures open up new possibilities for assembly and control of nanodevices and biomolecules. Optical tweezers integrated with Raman ...spectroscopy allows analyzing a single trapped particle, but is generally less effective for individual nanoparticles. The main challenge is the weak gradient force on nanoparticles that is insufficient to overcome the destabilizing effect of scattering force and Brownian motion. Here, we present standing-wave Raman tweezers for stable trapping and sensitive characterization of single isolated nanostructures with a low laser power by combining a standing-wave optical trap with confocal Raman spectroscopy. This scheme has stronger intensity gradients and balanced scattering forces, and thus can be used to analyze many nanoparticles that cannot be measured with single-beam Raman tweezers, including individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), graphene flakes, biological particles, SERS-active metal nanoparticles, and high-refractive semiconductor nanoparticles. This would enable sorting and characterization of specific SWCNTs and other nanoparticles based on their increased Raman fingerprints.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
To determine the risk state distribution, risk level, and risk evolution situation of agricultural non-point source pollution (AGNPS), we built an 'Input-Translate-Output' three-dimensional ...evaluation (ITO3dE) model that involved 12 factors under the support of GIS and analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of AGNPS risks from 2005 to 2015 in Chongqing by using GIS space matrix, kernel density analysis, and Getis-Ord Gi* analysis. Land use changes during the 10 years had a certain influence on the AGNPS risk. The risk values in 2005, 2010, and 2015 were in the ranges of 0.40-2.28, 0.41-2.57, and 0.41-2.28, respectively, with the main distribution regions being the western regions of Chongqing (Dazu, Jiangjin, etc.) and other counties such as Dianjiang, Liangping, Kaizhou, Wanzhou, and Zhongxian. The spatiotemporal transition matrix could well exhibit the risk transition situation, and the risks generally showed no changes over time. The proportions of 'no-risk no-change', 'low-risk no-change', and 'medium-risk no-change' were 10.86%, 33.42%, and 17.25%, respectively, accounting for 61.53% of the coverage area of Chongqing. The proportions of risk increase, risk decline, and risk fluctuation were 13.45%, 17.66%, and 7.36%, respectively. Kernel density analysis was suitable to explore high-risk gathering areas. The peak values of kernel density in the three periods were around 1110, suggesting that the maximum gathering degree of medium-risk pattern spots basically showed no changes, but the spatial positions of high-risk gathering areas somehow changed. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis was suitable to explore the relationships between hot and cold spots. Counties with high pollution risks were Yongchuan, Shapingba, Dianjiang, Liangping, northwestern Fengdu, and Zhongxian, while counties with low risks were Chengkou, Wuxi, Wushan, Pengshui, and Rongchang. High-value hot spot zones gradually dominated in the northeast of Chongqing, while low-value cold spot zones gradually dominated in the Midwest. Our results provide a scientific base for the development of strategies to prevent and control AGNPS in Chongqing.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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