Second near-infrared photothermal therapy (NIR-II PTT, 1000-1500 nm) has recently emerged as a new phototherapeutic modality with the advantages of deeper penetration, less energy dissipation and ...minimal normal-tissue toxicity over traditional first NIR PTT (750-1000 nm). However, suboptimal photothermal conversion and limited therapeutic efficacy remain the major challenges for NIR-II PTT. With the convergence in materials science, nanomedicine and biology, multifunctional NIR-II photothermal inorganic or organic materials have been extensively developed to combine NIR-II PTT with other therapeutic modalities for improved efficacies in treating life-threatening diseases including cancer and infection. This review summarizes the recent advances of NIR-II photothermal combinational theranostics pertinent to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic, sonodynamic, chemodynamic, gene, gas, ionic, vascular and magnetothermal therapy. Potential obstacles and perspectives for future research and clinical translation of this new theranostic modality are also discussed.
This review summarizes the recent development of second near-infrared photothermal combinational nanotheranostics for cancer, infectious diseases and regenerative medicine.
The miniaturization of electronics has been an important topic of study for several decades. The established roadmaps following Moore's Law have encountered bottlenecks in recent years, as planar ...processing techniques are already close to their physical limits. To bypass some of the intrinsic challenges of planar technologies, more and more efforts have been devoted to the development of 3D electronics, through either direct 3D fabrication or indirect 3D assembly. Recent research efforts into direct 3D fabrication have focused on the development of 3D transistor technologies and 3D heterogeneous integration schemes, but these technologies are typically constrained by the accessible range of sophisticated 3D geometries and the complexity of the fabrication processes. As an alternative route, 3D assembly methods make full use of mature planar technologies to form predefined 2D precursor structures in the desired materials and sizes, which are then transformed into targeted 3D mesostructures by mechanical deformation. The latest progress in the area of micro/nanoscale 3D assembly, covering the various classes of methods through rolling, folding, curving, and buckling assembly, is discussed, focusing on the design concepts, principles, and applications of different methods, followed by an outlook on the remaining challenges and open opportunities.
The latest progress in the area of micro/nanoscale 3D assembly, covering the various classes of methods through rolling, folding, curving, and buckling assembly, is highlighted. The initial focus is on the design concepts, principles, and applications of the different methods, followed by an outlook on the remaining challenges and open opportunities.
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Ammonia is one of the most abundant and simple nitrogen sources with decent stability and reactivity. Direct insertion of ammonia into a carbon skeleton is an ideal approach to building valuable ...N-heterocycles for extensive applications with unprecedented atom and step economy. Here, we show an electrochemical dehydrogenative method in which ammonia is inserted directly into alkenes to build aromatic N-heterocycles in a single step without the use of any external oxidant. This new approach achieves 98-99.2% atom economy with hydrogen as the only byproduct. Quinoline and pyridine with diverse substitutions are readily available. In this work, electrochemistry was used to drive a 4-electron oxidation reaction that is hard to access by other protocols, providing a parallel pathway to nitrene chemistry. In a tandem transformation that included three distinct electrochemical processes, the insertion of ammonia further showcased the tremendous potential to manipulate heterocycles derived from Hantzsch ester to diazine via pyridine and pyrrole.
The intelligent analysis of video data is currently in wide demand because a video is a major source of sensory data in our lives. Text is a prominent and direct source of information in video, while ...the recent surveys of text detection and recognition in imagery focus mainly on text extraction from scene images. Here, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of text detection, tracking, and recognition in video with three major contributions. First, a generic framework is proposed for video text extraction that uniformly describes detection, tracking, recognition, and their relations and interactions. Second, within this framework, a variety of methods, systems, and evaluation protocols of video text extraction are summarized, compared, and analyzed. Existing text tracking techniques, tracking-based detection and recognition techniques are specifically highlighted. Third, related applications, prominent challenges, and future directions for video text extraction (especially from scene videos and web videos) are also thoroughly discussed.
The development of precious‐metal alternative electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is highly desired for a variety of fuel cells, and single atom catalysts (SACs) have been envisaged ...to be the promising choice. However, there remains challenges in the synthesis of high metal loading SACs (>5 wt.%), thus limiting their electrocatalytic performance. Herein, a facile self‐sacrificing template strategy is developed for fabricating Co single atoms along with Co atomic clusters co‐anchored on porous‐rich nitrogen‐doped graphene (Co SAs/AC@NG), which is implemented by the pyrolysis of dicyandiamide with the formation of layered g‐C3N4 as sacrificed templates, providing rich anchoring sites to achieve high Co loading up to 14.0 wt.% in Co SAs/AC@NG. Experiments combined with density functional theory calculations reveal that the co‐existence of Co single atoms and clusters with underlying nitrogen doped carbon in the optimized Co40SAs/AC@NG synergistically contributes to the enhanced electrocatalysis for ORR, which outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C catalysts with presenting a high half‐wave potential (E1/2 = 0.890 V) and robust long‐term stability. Moreover, the Co40SAs/AC@NG presents excellent performance in Zn–air battery with a high‐peak power density (221 mW cm−2) and strong cycling stability, demonstrating great potential for energy storage applications.
High‐loading Co single atoms and Co atomic clusters co‐anchored on porous‐rich nitrogen‐doped graphene (Co SAs/AC@NG) is constructed via a facile self‐sacrificing template strategy. The Co40SAs/AC@NG catalyst demonstrates remarkable performance with a half‐wave potential of 0.890 V for oxygen reduction reaction and a large power density of 221 mW cm−2 toward Zn–air battery.
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The toxic side effects of doxorubicin (DOX) have limited its use in chemotherapy. Neither liposomal DOX nor pegylated liposomal DOX are able to completely resolve this issue. This is a ...proof-of-concept study testing aptamer-drug conjugate (ApDC) targeted delivery systems for chemotherapeutic drugs.
Aptamer library targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) was screened and affinity was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specificity was tested in MCF-7
, BT474
, and 293T
cells using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. We further developed a HER3 aptamer-functionalized liposome encapsulating DOX and the efficiency of this ApDC was detected by cellular uptake analysis and cell viability assay. In MCF-7 tumor-bearing mice, tumor targeting evaluation, efficacy, toxicity and preliminary pharmocokinetic study was performed.
The candidate #13 aptamer had highest affinity (Kd =98±9.7 nM) and specificity. ApDC effectively reduces the half maximal inhibitory concentration of DOX compared with lipsome-DOX and free DOX. In vivo imaging and preliminary distribution studies showed that actively targeted nanoparticles, such as Apt-Lip-DOX molecules, could facilitate the delivery of DOX into tumors in MCF-7-bearing mice. This targeted chemotherapy caused greater tumor suppression than other groups and alleviated side effects such as weight loss, low survival rate, and organ (heart and liver) injury demonstrated by H&E staining.
The results indicate that targeted chemotherapy using the aptamer-drug conjugate format could provide better tolerability and efficacy compared with non-targeted delivery in relatively low-dose toxic drugs.
We report a method for the electrochemical deuteration of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds under catalyst‐ and external‐reductant‐free conditions, with deuteration rates as high as 99 % and yields ...up to 91 % in 2 h. The use of graphite felt for both the cathode and the anode was key to ensuring chemoselectivity and high deuterium incorporation under neutral conditions without the need for an external reductant. This method has a number of advantages over previously reported deuteration reactions that use stoichiometric metallic reductants. Mechanistic experiments showed that O2 evolution at the anode not only eliminates the need for an external reductant but also regulates the pH of the reaction mixture, keeping it approximately neutral.
It's a D‐all! The first catalyst‐free and chemical‐reductant‐free deuteration of alkene and alkynes was achieved through an electrochemical approach with graphite felt electrodes and deuterated water in an undivided cell under neutral conditions. Up to 99 % D incorporation and 91 % yield can be obtained, and the method is compatible with electron‐rich alkenes, heterocycles, epoxides, and protecting groups. A series of deuterated pharmaceutical compounds was prepared.
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Development of low‐cost, high‐performance, and bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting is essential for renewable and clean energy technologies. Although binary phosphides are inexpensive, ...their performance is not as good as noble metals. Adding a third metal element to binary phosphides (Ni‐P, Co‐P) provides the opportunity to tune their crystalline and electronic structures and thus their electrocatalytic properties. Here, ternary phosphide (NiCoP) films with different nickel to cobalt ratios via an electrodeposition technique are synthesized. The films have a triple‐layered and hierarchical morphology, consisting of nanosheets in the bottom layer, ≈90–120 nm nanospheres in the middle layer, and larger spherical particles on the top layer. The ternary phosphides exhibit versatile activities that are strongly dependent on the Ni/Co ratios and Ni0.51Co0.49P film is found to have the best electrocatalytic activities for both hydrogen evolution reactions and oxygen evolution reactions. The high performance of the ternary phosphide film is attributed to enhanced electric conductivity so that reaction kinetics is accelerated, enlarged surface area due to the hierarchical and three‐layered morphology, and increased local electric dipole so that the energy barrier for the water splitting reaction is lowered.
Bimetallic phosphide (Ni0.51Co0.49P) films with a triple‐layered and hierarchical morphology with superior performance toward overall water splitting are successfully synthesized. The phosphides present versatile activities that are strongly dependent on the Ni/Co ratios. The improvement in performance is mainly ascribed to the alloying effect between Ni and Co atoms.
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Production of hydrogen by electrochemical water splitting has been hindered by the high cost of precious metal catalysts, such as Pt, for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, novel ...hierarchical β‐Mo2C nanotubes constructed from porous nanosheets have been fabricated and investigated as a high‐performance and low‐cost electrocatalyst for HER. An unusual template‐engaged strategy has been utilized to controllably synthesize Mo‐polydopamine nanotubes, which are further converted into hierarchical β‐Mo2C nanotubes by direct carburization at high temperature. Benefitting from several structural advantages including ultrafine primary nanocrystallites, large exposed surface, fast charge transfer, and unique tubular structure, the as‐prepared hierarchical β‐Mo2C nanotubes exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance for HER with small overpotential in both acidic and basic conditions, as well as remarkable stability.
From the same sheet: Hierarchical β‐Mo2C nanotubes constructed of ultrathin nanosheets are designed and synthesized. Benefitting from ultra‐small primary nanocrystallites, a large exposed surface, fast charge transfer, and unique tubular structure, the as‐prepared hierarchical β‐Mo2C nanotubes exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
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This article considers the distributed adaptive neuro-fuzzy output feedback control protocol design to solve the output synchronization problem for heterogeneous multiagent systems with nonlinear ...strict-feedback agent dynamics. The output constraints and actuator saturation are considered simultaneously. First, a distributed high-gain observer is employed to estimate the unmeasured agent state and relax the requirement of the Lipschitz continuity of nonlinear follower dynamics. Second, an asymmetric barrier Lyapunov function with time-varying constraint is presented to deal with both the transient and the steady-state constraints on the output synchronization error. To avoid the "explosion of complexity," the dynamic surface control technique is employed to filter the virtual control signal for each follower. To deal with the actuator saturation, a distributed auxiliary dynamical system is designed for each follower. The fuzzy logic system is employed to compensate for the uncertain follower dynamics with guaranteed semiglobal uniformly ultimately boundedness of all closed-loop signals. Finally, a simulation example is conducted to verify the efficacy of the presented adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller design.
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