AIM To investigate the clinical significance of preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index(SII) in patients with colorectal cancer(CRC). METHODS A retrospective analysis of 1383 cases with CRC ...was performed following radical surgery. SII was calculated with the formula SII =(P × N)/L, where P, N, and L refer to peripheral platelet, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, respectively. The clinicopathological features and follow-up data were evaluated to compare SII with other systemic inflammation-based prognostic indices such as the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio(NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio(PLR) in patients with CRC.RESULTS The optimal cut-off point for SII was defined as 340. The overall survival(OS) and disease-free survival(DFS) were better in patients with low NLR, PLR, and SII(P < 0.05). The SII was an independent predictor of OS and DFS in multivariate analysis. The area under the receiver-operating characteristics(ROC) curve for SII(0.707) was larger than those for NLR(0.602) and PLR(0.566). In contrast to NLR and PLR, SII could effectively discriminate between the TNM subgroups. CONCLUSION SII is a more powerful tool for predicting survival outcome in patients with CRC. It might assist the identification of high-risk patients among patients with the same TNM stage.
•Microbial fermentation is the key factor controlling the quality of dark tea.•Serial reactions modify the chemical constituents of tea leaves during fermentation.•Multi-omics approaches are used to ...reveal microbial impact on dark tea quality.
Dark tea is a unique fermented tea produced by solid-state fermentation of tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). It includes ripe Pu-erh tea, Fu brick tea, Liupao tea, and other teas. Microbial fermentation is considered to be the key factor controlling the quality of dark tea. It involves a series of reactions that modify the chemical constituents of tea leaves. These chemical conversions during microbial fermentation of dark tea are associated with a variety of functional core microorganisms. Further, Multi-omics approaches have been used to reveal the microbial impact on the conversion of the chemical components in dark tea. In the present review, we provide an overview of the most recent advances in the knowledge of the microbial bioconversion of the chemical components in dark tea, including the chemical composition of dark tea, microbial community composition and dynamics during the fermentation process, and the role of microorganisms in biotransformation of chemical constituents.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Optical imaging in the second near infrared region (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) provides higher resolution and deeper penetration depth for accurate and real‐time vascular anatomy, blood dynamics, and ...function information, effectively contributing to the early diagnosis and curative effect assessment of vascular anomalies. Currently, NIR‐II optical imaging demonstrates encouraging results including long‐term monitoring of vascular injury and regeneration, real‐time feedback of blood perfusion, tracking of lymphatic metastases, and imaging‐guided surgery. This review summarizes the latest progresses of NIR‐II optical imaging for angiography including fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic (PA) imaging, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The development of current NIR‐II fluorescence, PA, and OCT probes (i.e., single‐walled carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, rare earth doped nanoparticles, noble metal‐based nanostructures, organic dye‐based probes, and semiconductor polymer nanoparticles), highlighting probe optimization regarding high brightness, longwave emission, and biocompatibility through chemical modification or nanotechnology, is first introduced. The application of NIR‐II probes in angiography based on the classification of peripheral vascular, cerebrovascular, tumor vessel, and cardiovascular, is then reviewed. Major challenges and opportunities in the NIR‐II optical imaging for vascular imaging are finally discussed.
Optical imaging in the second near infrared window (NIR‐II) provides a prospective strategy to early diagnosis and curative effect assessment of vascular anomalies. This review summarizes optimizations of the NIR‐II probes regarding fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and optical coherence tomography to enable mapping of complicated vascular networks in deep tissues and molecular variations associated with vascular diseases.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We report a phosphine‐catalyzed ring opening of electron‐deficient alkylidenecyclopropanes (ACPs) to generate allylic phosphonium zwitterions that resemble the well‐studied phosphine‐allene adducts ...but exhibit distinct properties. The potent reactivity of these intermediates has been demonstrated in three types of substrate‐controlled phosphine‐catalyzed rearrangements of alkylidenecyclopropylketones, which chemoselectively afford tri‐ and tetrasubstituted furans, and trisubstituted dienones in good yields.
One to three: Phosphine‐catalyzed activation of alkylidenecyclopropanes (ACPs) generates allylic phosphonium intermediates that resemble the well‐studied phosphine‐allene adducts but exhibit distinct properties. These intermediates facilitate three types of rearrangements to form polysubstituted furans and dienones.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper aims to establish a unique Evidential Reasoning (ER) rule to combine multiple pieces of independent evidence conjunctively with weights and reliabilities. The novel concept of Weighted ...Belief Distribution (WBD) is proposed and extended to WBD with Reliability (WBDR) to characterise evidence in complement of Belief Distribution (BD) introduced in Dempster–Shafer (D–S) theory of evidence. The implementation of the orthogonal sum operation on WBDs and WBDRs leads to the establishment of the new ER rule. The most important property of the new ER rule is that it constitutes a generic conjunctive probabilistic reasoning process, or a generalised Bayesian inference process. It is shown that the original ER algorithm is a special case of the ER rule when the reliability of evidence is equal to its weight and the weights of all pieces of evidence are normalised. It is proven that Dempsterʼs rule is also a special case of the ER rule when each piece of evidence is fully reliable. The ER rule completes and enhances Dempsterʼs rule by identifying how to combine pieces of fully reliable evidence that are highly or completely conflicting through a new reliability perturbation analysis. The main properties of the ER rule are explored to facilitate its applications. Several existing rules are discussed and compared with the ER rule. Numerical and simulation studies are conducted to show the features of the ER rule.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
We herein report a new coordination network that deforms in a smooth and reversible manner under either thermal or pressure stimulation. Concomitantly, the organic fluorophores coordinatively bound ...to the channel in a face‐to‐face arrangement respond to this structural deformation by finely adapting their conformation and arrangement. As a result, the material exhibits a remarkable dual‐stimuli‐responsive luminescence shift across almost the entire visible region: The emission color of the crystal gradually changes from cyan to green upon heating and then to red upon pressure compression. Furthermore, each stage exhibits a linear dependence of both the emission maximum and intensity on the stimulus and is fully reversible.
Coping with pressure and heat: In response to changes in temperature and pressure, the flexible scaffold of a luminescent coordination network underwent smooth and reversible structural deformation that regulated the conformation and arrangement of the emissive organic molecules coordinatively bound to the channel in the structure. As a result, a reversible fluorescence shift across almost the entire visible region was observed (see picture).
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Human coronavirus (HCoV) is one of the most common causes of respiratory tract infection throughout the world. To investigate the epidemiological and genetic variation of HCoV in Guangzhou, south ...China, we collected totally 13048 throat and nasal swab specimens from adults and children with fever and acute upper respiratory infection symptoms in Gunazhou, south China between July 2010 and June 2015, and the epidemiological features of HCoV and its species were studied. Specimens were screened for HCoV by real-time RT-PCR, and 7 other common respiratory viruses were tested simultaneously by PCR or real-time PCR. HCoV was detected in 294 cases (2.25%) of the 13048 samples, with most of them inpatients (251 cases, 85.4% of HCoV positive cases) and young children not in nursery (53.06%, 156 out of 294 HCoV positive cases). Four HCoVs, as OC43, 229E, NL63 and HKU1 were detected prevalent during 2010-2015 in Guangzhou, and among the HCoV positive cases, 60.20% were OC43, 16.67% were 229E, 14.97% were NL63 and 7.82% were HKU1. The month distribution showed that totally HCoV was prevalent in winter, but differences existed in different species. The 5 year distribution of HCoV showed a peak-valley distribution trend, with the detection rate higher in 2011 and 2013 whereas lower in 2010, 2012 and 2014. The age distribution revealed that children (especially those <3 years old) and old people (>50 years) were both high risk groups to be infected by HCoV. Of the 294 HCoV positive patients, 34.69% (101 cases) were co-infected by other common respiratory viruses, and influenza virus was the most common co-infecting virus (30/101, 29.70%). Fifteen HCoV-OC43 positive samples of 2013-2014 were selected for S gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, and the results showed that the 15 strains could be divided into 2 clusters in the phylogenetic tree, 12 strains of which formed a separate cluster that was closer to genotype G found in Malaysia. It was revealed for the first time that genotype B and genotype G of HCoV-OC43 co-circulated and the newly defined genotype G was epidemic as a dominant genotype during 2013-2014 in Guanzhou, south China.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
An unprecedented reaction for the direct trifluoromethylthiolation and fluorination of alkyl alcohols using AgSCF3 and nBu4NI has been developed. The trifluoromethylthiolated compounds and alkyl ...fluorides were selectively formed by changing the ratio of AgSCF3/nBu4NI. This protocol is tolerant of different functional groups and might be applicable to late‐stage trifluoromethylthiolation of alcohols.
Silver bullet: A new strategy has been developed for the direct trifluoromethylthiolation of alkyl alcohols using AgSCF3 and nBu4NI. This protocol does not require the activation of alcohols in advance. A variety of alkyl alcohols bearing different functional groups were transformed into the corresponding alkyl trifluoromethyl sulfides in moderate to good yields.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aryl trifluoromethyl ethers (ArOCF3) are prevalent in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. However, methods for the general and efficient synthesis of these compounds are extremely ...underdeveloped and limited. Herein, we describe a highly efficient and general procedure for the direct O‐trifluoromethylation of unprotected phenols through a silver‐mediated cross‐coupling reaction using CF3SiMe3 as the CF3 source and exogenous oxidants. This novel oxidative trifluoromethylation provides access to a wide range of aryl trifluoromethyl ethers from simple phenols. The mild process was also applied to the late‐stage trifluoromethylation of a medicinally relevant compound.
Combining two nucleophiles: The direct oxidative O‐trifluoromethylation of phenols with CF3SiMe3 provides a general and practical method for the preparation of aryl trifluoromethyl ethers. A wide variety of functional groups are tolerated under these conditions, and the method can also be employed for the late‐stage trifluoromethylation of complex pharmaceutically relevant molecules (NFSI= N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide).
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•An explainable system to automated loan underwriting is proposed.•It can accommodate human knowledge and can learn from credit data.•Provide transparency by revealing a chain of events leading to a ...decision.•Provide textual explanation for a rejected loan application.
Widespread adoption of automated decision making by artificial intelligence (AI) is witnessed due to specular advances in computation power and improvements in optimization algorithms especially in machine learning (ML). Complex ML models provide good prediction accuracy; however, the opacity of ML models does not provide sufficient assurance for their adoption in the automation of lending decisions. This paper presents an explainable AI decision-support-system to automate the loan underwriting process by belief-rule-base (BRB). This system can accommodate human knowledge and can also learn from historical data by supervised learning. The hierarchical structure of BRB can accommodates factual and heuristic rules. The system can explain the chain of events leading to a decision for a loan application by the importance of an activated rule and the contribution of antecedent attributes in the rule. A business case study on automation of mortgage underwriting is demonstrated to show that the BRB system can provide a good trade-off between accuracy and explainability. The textual explanation produced by the activation of rules could be used as a reason for denial of a loan. The decision-making process for an application can be comprehended by the significance of rules in providing the decision and contribution of its antecedent attributes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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