•Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play essential roles in plant growth and development by regulating both cell differentiation and proliferation.•MAPK cascades are key signaling modules ...downstream of receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs).•MAPK signaling specificity can be governed by spatiotemporal expression of upstream receptors and the availability of their ligands.•Spatiotemporal-specific expression of MAPK substrates may also contribute to the specificity of MAPK signaling.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are ubiquitous signaling modules in eukaryotes. Early research of plant MAPKs has been focused on their functions in immunity and stress responses. Recent studies reveal that they also play essential roles in plant growth and development downstream of receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). With only a limited number of MAPK components, multiple functional pathways initiated from different receptors often share the same MAPK components or even a complete MAPK cascade. In this review, we discuss how MAPK cascades function as molecular switches in response to spatiotemporal-specific ligand–receptor interactions and the availability of downstream substrates. In addition, we discuss other possible mechanisms governing the functional specificity of plant MAPK cascades, a question central to our understanding of MAPK functions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The development of highly sensitive and selective uranyl ion (UO22+) probes has attracted significant attention owing to the threat to human health caused by high toxicity, radioactivity, and long ...half‐life. Herein, the development of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) active polymer dots (Pdots) is described for an accurate UO22+ monitoring using a portable electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system. An AIE‐active polymer containing tetraphenylethene and boron ketoiminate moieties is prepared into Pdots and modified with ssDNA to capture UO22+, which can amplify the ECL signal of the Pdots through a resonance energy transfer mechanism. This probe provides an ultralow detection limit of 10.6 pm/2.5 ppt, which is at least two orders of magnitude lower than the known UO22+ luminescent probes. Only UO22+ can provide an obvious ECL enhancement among the various metal ions, indicating the excellent selectivity of this probe. Furthermore, a portable ECL analyzer is designed to realize UO22+ measurements in the wild. The anodic ECL mechanism of UO22+ is discovered and ECL technology is first applied in monitoring radioactive substances. This study provides a novel strategy for the development of accurate UO22+ probes and a practical UO22+ monitoring method, indicating its potential application in the environmental and energy fields.
A strategy is developed for the application of accurate trace UO22+ monitoring in the wild in both the energy and environmental fields. An ultralow limit of detection of 10.6 pm/2.5 ppt and high selectivity toward UO22+ is given in this study by using a portable electrochemiluminescence system and aggregation‐induced emission‐active polymer dot based “turn on” probe.
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MoS2 was successfully loaded on CdS through a green hydrothermal process and the hydrogen production activity of CdS was improved by 17 times because of the strong interaction between MoS2 and CdS. ...Display omitted
•The MoS2/CdS catalyst was synthesized through a green hydrothermal process.•The strong interaction between MoS2 and CdS was demonstrated by XPS result.•The composite photocatalyst reached a H2 production rate of 4.06mmolg−1h−1.•H2 production rate of CdS was improved by 17 times by loading MoS2 on its surface.
A simple and feasible hydrothermal process was designed to synthesize MoS2/CdS composite catalyst. The surface morphology and crystal morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The surface chemical state, the chemical structure and the ultraviolet–visible light response were investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS). The results revealed that MoS2 was uniformly loaded on the surface of CdS, and the XPS measurement discovered strong interactions between CdS and MoS2. The intimate contact is beneficial for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity. By loading 2.0wt% MoS2 on CdS, the hydrogen production rate of CdS was enhanced by 17 times. The maximal hydrogen production rate of the composite catalyst reached 4.06mmolg−1h−1 under visible light irradiation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
We report a photodynamic therapy driven by electrochemiluminescence (ECL). The luminescence generated by Ru(bpy)32+ and co‐reactant tripropylamine (TPA) pair acts as both optical readout for ECL ...imaging, and light source for the excitation of photosensitizer to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) system. The ECL‐driven PDT (ECL‐PDT) relies on the effective energy transfer from ECL emission to photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), which sensitizes the surrounding O2 into ROS. The dynamic process of gradual morphological changes, the variation of cell‐matrix adhesions, as well as the increase of cell membrane permeability in the process of ECL‐PDT were monitored under ECL microscopy (ECLM) with good spatiotemporal resolution. Combining real‐time imaging with ECL‐PDT, this new strategy provides not only new insights into dynamic cellular processes, but also promising potential of ECL in clinical applications.
A system for photodynamic therapy driven by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is reported. The ECL generated by the Ru(bpy)32+/TPA pair acts as both the optical readout for the monitoring of the dynamic cellular processes and the light source for the excitation of a photosensitizer to produce cytotoxic ROS.
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The evolution of photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis has resulted in substantial progress in its analytical performance and biodetection applications. The aim of this review is to provide a ...panoramic snapshot of the state of the art in this dynamically developing field, with special emphasis on PEC DNA analysis, immunoassay, enzymatic biosensing and cell-related detection. The future prospects in this area are also evaluated and discussed. This work will serve as a useful source to inform the interested audience of the latest developments and applications in the field of PEC bioanalysis.
This review provides a panoramic snapshot of the state of the art in the dynamically developing field of photoelectrochemical bioanalysis.
Wu et al explore electrochemically generated versus photoexcited luminescence from semiconductor nanomaterials. They focus on the fundamentals of the electrochemical luminescence and photoexcited ...luminescence, as well as their analytical applications.
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Electrogenerated chemiluminescence, also known as electrochemiluminescence (ECL), is an electrochemically induced production of light by excited luminophores generated during redox reactions. It can ...be used to sense the charge transfer and related processes at electrodes
via
a simple visual readout; hence, ECL is an outstanding tool in analytical sensing. The traditional ECL approach measures averaged electrochemical quantities of a large ensemble of individual entities, including molecules, microstructures and ions. However, as a real system is usually heterogeneous, the study of single entities holds great potential in elucidating new truths of nature which are averaged out in ensemble assays or hidden in complex systems. We would like to review the development of ECL intensity and imaging based single entity detection and place emphasis on the assays of small entities including single molecules, micro/nanoparticles and cells. The current challenges for and perspectives on ECL detection of single entities are also discussed.
We summarize the history and recent development that has been made in the ECL detection of single entities.
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Cuproptosis is a new form of programmed cell death and exhibits enormous potential in cancer treatment. However, reducing the undesirable Cu ion release in normal tissue and maximizing the ...copper‐induced therapeutic effect in cancer sites are two main challenges. In this study, we constructed a photothermally triggered nanoplatform (Au@MSN‐Cu/PEG/DSF) to realize on‐demand delivery for synergistic therapy. The released disulfiram (DSF) chelated with Cu2+ in situ to generate highly cytotoxic bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)copper (CuET), causing cell apoptosis, and the formed Cu+ species promoted toxic mitochondrial protein aggregation, leading to cell cuproptosis. Synergistic with photothermal therapy, Au@MSN‐Cu/PEG/DSF could effectively kill tumor cells and inhibit tumor growth (inhibition rate up to 80.1 %). These results provide a promising perspective for potential cancer treatment based on cuproptosis, and may also inspire the design of advanced nano‐therapeutic platforms.
A gold‐nanorod‐based, copper‐doped, and disulfiram (DSF)‐loaded multifunctional therapeutic nanoplatform (Au@MSN‐Cu/PEG/DSF) was fabricated to deliver DSF and Cu2+ into cancer cells efficiently. A photothermal effect triggered on‐command payload release remotely to form cytotoxic bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)copper (CuET) and Cu+ in situ. This cuproptosis‐based strategy offers synergistic therapeutic modalities.
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9.
Photoelectrochemical DNA Biosensors Zhao, Wei-Wei; Xu, Jing-Juan; Chen, Hong-Yuan
Chemical reviews,
08/2014, Volume:
114, Issue:
15
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Zhao et al explore photoelectrochemical (PEC) DNA biosensors, focusing on topics such as transducers, probe immobilization, DNA interactions, and PEC transduction of DNA interactions.
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Ionic current rectification (ICR) based nanopipettes allow accurate monitoring of cellular behavior in single living cells. Herein, we proposed a 30 nm nanopipette functionalized with G‐quadruplex ...DNAzyme as an efficient biomimetic recognizer for ROS generation at subcellular level via the changes of current–voltage relationship. Taking advantages of the ultra‐small tip, the nanopipette could penetrate into a single living cell repeatedly or keep measuring for a long time without compromising the cellular functions. Coupled with precision nanopositioning system, generation of ROS in mitochondria in response to cell inflammation was determined with high spatial resolution. Meanwhile, the changes of aerobic metabolism in different cell lines under drug‐induced oxidative stress were monitored continuously. We believe that the ICR‐nanopipette could be developed as a powerful approach for the study of cellular activities via electrochemical imaging in living cells.
Electrochemical imaging: An ionic current rectification (ICR) based nanopipette with a 30 nm nanotip was fabricated for continuous monitoring of aerobic metabolism processes in single living cells at subcellular level. The cells produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria. The inner surface of the nanopipette was functionalized with G‐quadruplex DNAzyme.
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