This review covers the progress of light scattering applications in the field of particle characterization in the past decade. The review addresses static light scattering （the measurement of ...scattering intensities due to light-particle interaction at various spatial locations）, dynamic light scattering （the measurement of scattering due to light-particle interaction as a function of time）, and scattering tracking analysis （the tracking of particle movement through scattering measurement）.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Zeta potential is a parameter that can be used for studying and predicting colloid stability and surface morphology. Even though zeta potential measurements have been applied to both aqueous and ...non-aqueous suspensions, theories for colloidal behavior and zeta potential in non-aqueous media are not as well-established as those in aqueous environments. There are few reports on systematic studies of zeta potential of colloids in liquid media. In the present study, zeta potential and particle size measurements of two carbon black powder samples in various media were performed. Combined with particle size characterization, the experimental zeta potential values were used to discuss charge transfer and colloid stability of carbon black in suspension.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Characterization of various nanoparticles is on the center stage in nanotechnology development. The subjects for nanoparticles characterization are focused on particle size and particle surface ...charge determinations. This article summarizes the latest development in particle size analysis using dynamic light scattering and surface charge determination using electrophoretic light scattering for nano- or even sub-nanoparticles in concentrated suspensions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Two of the most widely used methods in sizing particulate materials are the electrical sensing zone method (ESZ) and the laser diffraction (LD). In order to deduce size information from a ...measurement, it is assumed in the LD technology that the particles are spheres. For real industrial materials, only rarely are the particles spherical. The effects of non-sphericity on different technologies vary, causing discrepancies in results and bias from the true characteristics of the sample. Applications in many fields require information about the shape of the particles in addition to their size. Recently, dynamic image analysis (DIA) has been shown to be able to provide both size and shape information of particulate materials. DIA is not subject to restrictions of the spherical assumption and, therefore, provides a means to study the effect of shape in the results obtained using LD and ESZ. In this study, samples of various shapes were characterized using the three technologies (LD, ESZ, and DIA). Laser diffraction yielded progressively larger mean sizes as well as broader distributions as the shape of the particles deviates more and more from that of a sphere. The ESZ and DIA experiments, on the other hand, produced compatible results much less affected by particle shape. The study suggests that DIA is a powerful tool in characterizing nonspherical particles and that caution needs to be taken when evaluating the sizing results of nonspherical particles using laser diffraction.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Chemical modification is the most popular and efficacious approach to improve dispersion stability for commercial carbon blacks in organic media. Even though this method has been used successfully in ...liquid systems, there have been few reports of chemical modification of carbon black in non-liquid-phase systems. In the present work, a simple non-liquid-phase approach to preparing modified carbon black with high dispersibility and stability in polar organic media from an industrial carbon black, N220, is reported. The treatment was carried out in a rheology mixer by blending carbon black with a low-molecular-weight organic compound, 3,9-bis-{1,1-dimethyl-2
β-(3-
tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propionyloxyethyl}-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro5,5-undecane (AO-80), under proper conditions. The modified carbon black had a smaller particle size than the original carbon black, as proven by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, and it could be dispersed facilely in acetone to form a stable suspension. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy was used to detect the chemical presence of AO-80 fragments on the surface of the modified carbon black and consequently the modification mechanism.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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•A brief review of modern particle characterization technologies is presented.•Suitability of characterization techniques for solid particles and fine bubbles are discussed.•There are ...many challenges for stably and reproducibly characterizing fine bubbles.
Fine bubble technology has been applied in many fields, including semiconductor processing, waste water treatment, and agricultural development. Fine bubble technology has the advantages of being environmentally benign, and ease of production and use when compared with other processes that involve chemicals or biological agents. However, the mechanisms of fine bubble applications in many aspects still require exploration. The characterization of fine bubbles is one of the essential issues for better understanding the technology. This article reviews modern particle characterization technologies, especially those that can be used to characterize fine bubbles, and briefly reports on some applications of fine bubbles.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The zona pellucida (ZP) plays an important role in both the fertilization and embryonic development. For the successful handling of early stage blastomeres for differentiation analysis, the ...production of identical twins or quadruplets, nuclear transfer or gene introduction requires the removal of the ZP (ZPR). Although single use of either acidic Tyrode's solution or pronase are commonly used for ZPR, long-term exposure to these agents can result in the inhibition of development with the collapse of the three-dimensional blastomere structure. Here, we demonstrate the benefits of using a two-step combined ZPR method, which relies upon a customized well-of-well (cWOW) system with smaller well size, on developmental competence and the quality of the zona free (ZF) mouse embryos.
We first isolated 2-cell embryos using acid Tyrode's solution and then cultured these embryos using either commercially available or cWOW, which had a smaller microwell size. The rate of blastocyst was significantly increased by use of cWOW when compared to other culture systems. Then we evaluated the use of a two-step ZPR protocol, relying on acid Tyrode's solution and proteinase K, and subsequent culture in the cWOW system. Although acid Tyrode's solution treatment alone reduced ZPR time, blastomere morphology became wrinkled, significant decrease in blastocyst rate associated with increased number of apoptotic cells and increased expression of apoptosis-related genes were observed. Using proteinase K alone increased ZPR time and significantly decreased the blastocyst rate, but did not induce an increase in apoptotic cell number or apoptosis-related gene expression. In contrast, two-step method significantly reduced ZPR time and improved blastocyst rate by increasing the total number of cells in these wells an reducing the number of apoptotic cells in these experiments. These results suggest that the two-step ZPR protocol is beneficial for reducing the toxic effects of zona removal on ZF embryo development and quality when combined with a suitable culture system.
•Zona pellucida (ZP) removal decreased embryo development.•Customized WOW system with smaller microwells improved ZP-free embryo development.•Acid Tyrode treatment shortened ZP removal time, but decreased blastocyst rate with increased apoptosis.•Proteinase K increased ZP removal time with blastomere dissociation and decreased blastocyst rate.•Combined use of acid Tyrode and proteinase K improved development with low toxicity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A new method for the surface derivatization of gold colloidal particles is reported. The method is based on the aqueous solubilization of aliphatic thiols by α-cyclodextrin, which effectively binds ...to the aliphatic chains and carries the hydrophobic thiol molecules to the surface of the gold particles, where they undergo chemisorption. This method can be used to prepare gold colloidal particles (diameter > 10 nm) modified with long chain alkanethiolates. If the alkanethiol contains a bulky terminal group, such as ferrocene, the α-cyclodextrin host is trapped after surface attachment, yielding cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes supported on the gold nanospheres.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
10.
Letter to the Editor Xu, Renliang
Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology,
12/2008, Volume:
10, Issue:
S1
Journal Article
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
