Old Chinese garden roses are the foundation of the modern rose, which is one of the best-selling ornamental plants. However, the horticultural grouping and evolution of old Chinese garden roses are ...unclear. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were employed to survey genetic diversity in old Chinese garden roses and genetic differentiation was estimated among different rose groups. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to study the physical localization of 5 S rDNA genes and a karyotype analysis was performed. The SSR data suggest that old Chinese garden roses could be divided into Old Blush group, Odorata group and Ancient hybrid China group. The Old Blush group had the most primitive karyotype. The Ancient hybrid China group and modern rose had the most evolved karyotypes and the highest genetic diversity. During the evolution of rose cultivars, 5 S rDNA increased in number, partially weakened in signal intensity and exhibited variation in distance from the centromere. In conclusion, rose cultivars evolved from the Old Blush Group to the Odorata group, the Ancient Hybrid China group and the modern rose. This work provides a basis for the collection, identification, conservation and innovation of rose germplasm resources.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Most rose cultivars are susceptible to black spot disease caused by
Marssonina rosae
. To elucidate the effect of leaf structure, callose deposition and H
2
O
2
metabolism on black spot disease ...resistance, we measured the wax content and cuticle thicknesses of leaves, the callose, H
2
O
2
accumulation, and the SOD, POD, APX and CAT activity and their related gene expression levels in six
Rosa
species and cultivars infected with
M. rosae
. The correlation between black spot disease resistance and leaf structure, callose, and H
2
O
2
accumulation, and the role of H
2
O
2
in response to black spot disease were analyzed. The results showed that black spot disease resistance was closely related to H
2
O
2
accumulation, and there was a strong significant negative correlation between disease resistance and H
2
O
2
accumulation (
P
< 0.01). APX, CAT and POD activity and their related gene expression levels, which are related to H
2
O
2
accumulation, were higher in resistant accessions than in susceptible accessions in the early stage of the plant–pathogen interaction. An increase in H
2
O
2
appeared and antioxidant enzymatic activities increased at the late stage of infection with
M
.
rosae
in susceptible accessions, which was different from the trend in resistant accessions. Our results demonstrate that an early and rapid response to H
2
O
2
accumulation in black spot disease-resistant rose accessions could be one of the reasons for resistance against
M
.
rosae
. Therefore, regulation of ROS during the early response could be a feasible approach for achieving black spot disease resistance in roses.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Forsythia suspensa
and
F.
‘
Courtaneur
’ were used as female parents to cross with
Abeliophyllum distichum
in 2011 and an intergeneric hybrid of
F
.
suspensa
×
A
.
distichum
was obtained, though ...with very low seed set. The morphological characteristics, flower fragrance and volatile organic compounds of flowers were analysed. The intergeneric hybrid had intermediate morphological characteristics of both parents and flower fragrance and was confirmed as a true intergeneric hybrid by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Compared with its mother parent (
F. suspensa
), flowers of the intergeneric hybrid are pale yellow with delicate fragrance. Volatile organic compounds of flowers were retrieved by purge-and-trap techniques, and determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main volatile organic components of
F. suspensa
were isoprenoids, while the main volatile organic components of
A. distichum
and the hybrid of
F. suspensa
×
A. distichum
were aliphatics. To determine the time and the site of intergeneric hybridizing barriers occured, the pollen tubes’ behavior after pollination was observed under fluorescence microscopy. It was found that significant pre-fertilization incompatibility existed in intergeneric crossing combinations
F.
‘Courtaneur’ (Pin) ×
A. distichum
(Thrum) and
F. suspensa
(Pin) ×
A. distichum
(Thrum), and only a few pollen tubes of
A. distichum
penetrated into the ovaries of
Forsythia
. In our research, an intergeneric hybrid between
Forsythia
and
Abeliophyllum
was obtained for the first time, which will provide a solid foundation for expanding the flower color range of
Forsythia
and breeding fragrant-flowered cultivars.
Kalman filter is a powerful tool in target tracking and self-localization across wireless sensor networks with many constraints. This paper considers the filters design for networked systems with ...combined constraints of bandwidth and random delay, and proposes a kind of universal networked Kalman estimator for given linear time invariant （LTI） or determinate parameters （DP） systems, which are also called linear and determinate parameters （LDP） systems jointly. Firstly, two modeling ways to treat bit quantization error vector are given and the corresponding LDP systems taken after bit quantization are established. Secondly, we introduce an equivalent weighted summation form of the conventional linear Kalman filter, which fully uses two essential characteristics, namely offline computation property from the LDP systems and linear weighted summation property from the linear minimum mean square error estimate. Finally, by adopting the replacement and innovation compensation operations, a kind of integrated networked estimator, involving two estimation algorithms with different modeling ways to bit quantization error actually, is presented based on the weighted summation filter for random delay systems. The proposed universal networked estimation algorithms have some outstanding advantages such as extensive application, concise algorithm structure, high estimate accuracy, and good running performance. Several examples are demonstrated to validate the proposed networked estimation algorithms.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The floral transition plays a vital role in the life of ornamental plants. Despite progress in model plants, the molecular mechanisms of flowering regulation remain unknown in perennial plants. Rosa ...chinensis 'Old Blush' is a unique plant that can flower continuously year-round. In this study, gene expression profiles associated with the flowering transition were comprehensively analyzed during floral transition in the rose.
According to the transcriptomic profiles, 85,663 unigenes and 1,637 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which 32 unigenes were involved in the circadian clock, sugar metabolism, hormone, and autonomous pathways. A hypothetical model for the regulation of floral transition was proposed in which the candidate genes function synergistically the floral transition process. Hormone contents and biosynthesis and metabolism genes fluctuated during the rose floral transition process. Gibberellins (GAs) inhibited rose floral transition, the content of GAs gradually decreased and GA2ox and SCL13 were upregulated from vegetative (VM) meristem to floral meristem (FM). Auxin plays an affirmative part in mediating floral transition, auxin content and auxin-related gene expression levels were gradually upregulated during the floral transition of the rose. However, ABA content and ABA signal genes were gradually downregulated, suggesting that ABA passively regulates the rose floral transition by participating in sugar signaling. Furthermore, sugar content and sugar metabolism genes increased during floral transition in the rose, which may be a further florigenic signal that activates floral transition. Additionally, FRI, FY, DRM1, ELIP, COP1, CO, and COL16 are involved in the circadian clock and autonomous pathway, respectively, and they play a positively activating role in regulating floral transition. Overall, physiological changes associated with genes involved in the circadian clock or autonomous pathway collectively regulated the rose floral transition.
Our results summarize a valuable collective of gene expression profiles characterizing the rose floral transition. The DEGs are candidates for functional analyses of genes affecting the floral transition in the rose, which is a precious resource that reveals the molecular mechanism of mediating floral transition in other perennial plants.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Health support has been sought by the public from online social media after the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition to the physical symptoms caused by the virus, there ...are adverse impacts on psychological responses. Therefore, precisely capturing the public emotions becomes crucial to providing adequate support. By constructing a domain-specific COVID-19 public health emergency discrete emotion lexicon, we utilized one million COVID-19 theme texts from the Chinese online social platform Weibo to analyze social-emotional volatility. Based on computed emotional valence, we proposed a public emotional perception model that achieves: (1) targeting of public emotion abrupt time points using an LSTM-based attention encoder-decoder (LAED) mechanism for emotional time-series, and (2) backtracking of specific triggered causes of abnormal volatility in a cognitive emotional arousal path. Experimental results prove that our model provides a solid research basis for enhancing social-emotional security outcomes.
Taraxacum mongolicum is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Asteraceae, with a high edible and medicinal value and is widely planted in China. In August 2022, leaf spots were found on T. ...mongolicum in Tianjiazhai Town, Xining City, Qinghai Province, China (36°27'17.65″N, 101°47'19.65E, elevation: 2,408 m). The plants exhibited round or irregular brown spots, and the centers of some of the spots were gray (Fig. S1A). An investigation was performed over a hectare area, and the incidence of leaf spot reached 15%-30%, seriously affecting the quality and yield of T. mongolicum. Eleven T. mongolicum leaf spot samples were collected. To isolate the pathogenic fungus, approximately 0.5 cm×0.5 cm pieces of tissues were obtained using sterile scissors from the junction of infected and healthy tissues. The symptomatic leaves were surface-disinfected with 3% NaClO for 1.5 min and washed three times with sterile water. The disinfected pieces were dried and placed on water agar plates in an incubator for 2 days at 25°C. Subsequently, the leaf surface exhibited conidiophores and conidia. Eleven isolates were obtained by single spore isolation. The sparse aerial mycelia were dark grey to black brown in color on potato dextrose agar (PDA) (Fig. S2A), and produced dark, multi-septate conidia with 7-11 transverse septa and 1-2 longitudinal septa (Fig. S2C). Conidia with one or two beaks were long-ovoid, with an average length and width of 103.4 × 21.2 μm, and 80.7 × 3.9 μm of the beaks. One hundred and ten conidia were measured. The identification of 11 isolates was confirmed by multilocus sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (rDNA ITS) (White et al. 1990), and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (Xu et al. 2022), actin (ACT) (Yang et al. 2020), histone 3 (HIS3) (Zheng et al. 2015), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) (Carbone. 1999), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) (Liu et al. 1999) genes. The sequences of all the isolates were deposited in Genbank (NCBI Accession Nos. ITS: OR105029-OR105039, ACT: OR135220-OR135230, GAPDH: OR135231-OR135241, HIS3: OR122992-OR123002, TEF1-α: PP055972-PP055982, and RPB2: PP055983-PP055993), and the sequence similarity of ITS, ACT, GAPDH, HIS3，TEF1-α and RPB2 were 100%, 98%, 100%, 99%, 100%, and 99% to the sequences of Alternaria solani, respectively. Combined sequences of ITS, GAPDH, TEF1-α, and RPB2 genes were concatenated and a maximum parsimony tree was constructed with PAUP* v. 4.0 alpha. The results indicated that 11 isolates were clustered together with A. solani (Fig. S2D). Therefore, 11 isolates were identified as A. solani based on their morphological and molecular characteristics. Eleven isolates were inoculated on their host to perform Koch's postulates. The isolates were grown on PDA for six days. Healthy one month old T. mongolicum seedlings were planted in 10 cm flowerpots (Fig. S1B) or the seedlings were moved to Petri dish (Fig. S1C), and their leaves were inoculated with 5 mL of hyphae suspension by smearing method. In addition, seedlings of the same age were treated with sterile water to serve as the control. The inoculated seedlings were moved into an artificial climatic box at 25℃, relative humidity was 70%, with 12 h light/12 h dark condition. Totally 80 seedlings were inoculated with isolates and 15 were used as the control. After 7 days, similar symptoms were observed on the plants inoculated with isolates, while control plants did not produce symptoms. The assays were conducted three times. Furthermore, isolates were re-isolated from the symptomatic leaves, and the colonial morphology was the same as the original isolates (Fig S2 A and B). The recovered isolates were identified as A. solani by amplifying and sequencing a portion of the HIS3 gene. Alternaria solani has been previously reported to cause early blight of potato and other Solanum crops (van der Waals et al. 2004; Zheng et al. 2015). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. solani causing leaf spot of T. mongolicum in China. This disease must be considered in management practices, and our finding provided a basis for disease prevention and management.
•Genome wide analysis of the EXP family of Rosa chinensis.•Compared EXP families between Rosa chinensis and those of other plants.•Most of the Rcexps family members were comprised of plant stress ...defense elements and a wide variety of Hormone response-associated elements.•This research provides valuable insights into the Rosa chinensis EXP gene family and its members' responsiveness to black spot disease.
Expansins constitute a class of proteins instrumental in modulating the laxity and enhancing the flexibility of the cell wall, thereby exerting critical influence on plant growth and development and environmental resistance. This study endeavors to perform bioinformatic analysis on the EXP gene family in Rosa chinensis and investigate the role of RcEXPA8 in response to Marssonina rosae (M. rosae) infection and hormonal signaling pathways. A total of 31 RcEXPs were reported in Rosa chinensis genome, and subjected to phylogenetic and synteny analysis in conjunction with Prunus persica, Malus domestica ‘Golden’, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum; followed by synteny, chromosomal localization, structural and motif analysis, as well as cis-regulatory element examination in Rosa chinensis. The EXP gene family was categorized into four subfamilies: EXPA, EXPB, EXLA and EXLB. The highest number of collinear gene pairs were identified between Rosa chinensis and Rosaceae family members Prunus persica and Malus domestica ‘Golden’. Furthermore, and the RcEXP genes were found to be unevenly distributed across seven chromosomes. Ten conserved motifs were found, and the majority RcEXPs exhibited light response elements, plant stress defense elements, and various hormone-associated elements. Subsequent analysis focused on RcEXPA8 elucidated its role in hormonal signaling pathway during M. rosae infection, revealing differential expression patterns in susceptible line R12-26 and resistant line R13-54. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the Rosa chinensis EXP gene family and its members' responsiveness to black spot disease.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•bioinformatics analysis of RcWRKY40.•Silencing RcWRKY40 significantly enhanced resistance in the R12–26 line and increased susceptibility in the R13–54 line.•RcWRKY40 acts as a mediator between ...SA-JA pathways, altering IAA accumulation levels to influence susceptibility or resistance of the plant.
The WRKY transcription factors play pivotal roles in growth, development, and disease resistance in plants. We investigated the role of RcWRKY40 in resistance of Rosa chinensis to infection by Marssonina rosae (black spot disease). We cloned the longest Open reading frame (ORF) sequence in coding sequence (CDS) of RcWRKY40, which spanned 883 bp and encoded a protein consisting of 294 amino acids. As a member of the WRKY I group, RcWRKY40 primarily localizes to the nucleus. Analysis of cis-acting elements revealed responses to methyl jasmonate, drought, and low temperature stress within the promoter region of RcWRKY40. A susceptible line (R12–26) and a resistant line (R13–54) were inoculated with M. rosae, and we observed that RcWRKY40 exhibited a bimodal expression pattern in both lines, which was confirmed through virus induced gene silencing (VIGS). Silencing RcWRKY40 significantly enhanced resistance in the R12–26 line and increased susceptibility in the R13–54 line. The levels of indole acetic acid (auxin; IAA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA), and the expression of RcWRKY40 following the application of SA, JA, and their inhibitors, suggest that RcWRKY40 balances the antagonistic effect of JA on SA, thereby influencing black spot infection. Furthermore, silencing RcWRKY40 caused a decrease in cell wall components in the leaves of the R12–26 line and impaired the antioxidant system, which triggered an allergic response as a defense mechanism against black spot disease.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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