•Application of AuNPs-based colorimetric and electrochemical sensors are reviewed.•Four kinds of synthetic strategies for AuNPs are discussed.•Differences and relations of colorimetric and ...electrochemical sensors are summarized.•Some new regulations and challenges in this field needed to be noticed are proposed.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), the huge potential functional nanoparticles in scientific research, have attained tremendous interest for their unique physical–optical property since they have been discovered. They have been very popularly used as labels in diagnostics, sensors, etc. The use of AuNPs in sensor fabrication is widespread, and so many papers have been reported over the past years. The development of AuNPs used in sensor has been reviewed in some previous papers. Most of them tend to review a certain kind of analyte using one kind of technique. However, few of these reviews include the detection of inorganic and organic contaminant, as well as biomolecules at the same time. Besides, the development for AuNPs application is very fast in modern science. Therefore, in this review we summarize some recent progresses made in the field of AuNPs research. We summarize the typical synthetic strategies of AuNPs, classify the mechanism analysis of AuNPs-based sensors, and expound the role of AuNPs in these sensors. Typical advanced examples of the newly developed AuNPs-based colorimetric and electrochemical sensors and their applications in detection of various analytes, including biomolecules, metal ions, and organic environmental hormones are presented and discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) and metallothionein (MT) expression are involved in metal homeostasis and detoxification. Here, we characterized the structure and functions of mtf-1 ...and mt promoters in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Many important binding sites of transcriptional factors, such as heat shock promoter element (HSE) and metal responsive element (MRE), were predicted on their promoter regions. Cu did not significantly influence the activity of mtf-1 promoter, but Zn increased its promoter activity. Cu and Zn induced the increase of mt promoter activity. HSE site of mtf-1 promoter was the functional binding locus responsible for Zn-induced mtf-1 transcriptional activation. Zn and Cu induced transcriptional activation of mt gene through the MTF-1- and MRE-dependent pathway. Using primary hepatocytes of yellow catfish, we found that Cu and Zn induced the mt expression; Cu did not significantly influence the mRNA and total protein levels of MTF-1, but Zn up-regulated its mRNA and total protein expression. Both Zn and Cu treatment also up-regulated MTF-1 nuclear protein expression, which in turn increased the mt expression. Taken together, these findings delineated the transcriptional regulation of MT and MTF-1 under Zn or Cu treatments, and provided some mechanisms for the regulation of Cu and Zn homeostasis in vertebrates.
•We characterized the structure and functions of mtf-1 and mt promoters in yellow catfish.•HSE site of mtf-1 promoter was the functional binding locus for Zn activation.•Zn, not Cu, increased the promoter activity and expression of mtf-1.•Cu and Zn induced the promoter activity and expression of mt.•Zn and Cu induced transcriptional activation of mt gene through the MTF-1 and MRE pathway.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In present study, we explored the effects and the underlying mechanisms of phospholipase C (PLC) mediating glucose-induced changes in intestinal glucose transport and lipid metabolism by using ...U-73122 (a PLC inhibitor). We found that glucose incubation activated the PLC signal and U-73122 pre-incubation alleviated the glucose-induced increase in plcb2, plce1 and plcg1 mRNA expression. Meanwhile, U-73122 pre-treatment blunted the glucose-induced increase in sodium/glucose co-transporters 1/2 mRNA and protein expressions. U-73122 pre-treatment alleviated the glucose-induced increase in TAG content, BODIPY 493/503 fluorescence intensity, lipogenic enzymes (glucose 6-phospate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), malic enzyme and fatty acid synthase (FAS)) activity and the mRNA expressions of lipogenic genes and related transcription factors (6pgd, g6pd, fas, acca, srebp1 and carbohydrate response element-binding protein (chrebp)) in intestinal epithelial cells of yellow catfish. Further research found that U-73122 pre-incubation mitigated the glucose-induced increase in the ChREBP protein expression and the acetylation level of ChREBP in HEK293T cells. Taken together, these data demonstrated that the PLC played a major role in the glucose-induced changes of glucose transport and lipid metabolism and provide a new perspective for revealing the molecular mechanism of glucose-induced changes of intestinal glucose absorption, lipid deposition and metabolism.
Dietary carbohydrate affects intestinal glucose absorption and lipid deposition, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown.
We used yellow catfish and their isolated intestinal epithelial cells ...(IECs) to test the hypothesis that sodium/glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) 1/2 and acetylated carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) mediated glucose-induced changes in glucose absorption and lipid metabolism.
Yellow catfish (mean ± SEM weight: 4.68 ± 0.02 g, 3 mo old, mixed sex) were fed diets containing 250 g carbohydrates/kg from glucose (G, control), corn starch (CS), sucrose (S), potato starch (PS), or dextrin (D) for 10 wk. IECs were isolated from different yellow catfish and incubated for 24 h in a control or glucose (15 mM) solution with or without a 2-h pretreatment with an inhibitor sotagliflozin (LX-4211) or tubastatin A (TBSA). Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T cells) were transfected with a Flag-ChREBP plasmid to explore ChREBP acetylation. Triglyceride (TG) and glucose concentrations and enzymatic activities were measured in the intestine and IECs of yellow catfish. They also were subjected to immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, qPCR, and immunoblotting. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation were performed with HEK293T cells.
The G group had greater intestine TGs (0.99- to 2.30-fold); activities of glucose 6-phospate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase (0.12- to 2.10-fold); and expression of lipogenic genes (0.32- to 2.34-fold) than the CS, PS, and D groups. The G group had greater intestine sglt1/2 mRNA and protein expression than the CS, S and D groups (0.35- to 1.12-fold and 0.40- to 4.67-fold, respectively), but lower mRNA amounts of lipolytic genes (48.6%–65.8%) than the CS and PS groups. LX-4211 alleviated the glucose-induced increase in sglt1/2 mRNA (38.2%–47.4%) and SGLT1 protein (48.0%) expression, TGs (29.3%), and lipogenic enzyme activities (27.7%–42.1%) and gene expression (38.0%–55.5%) in the IECs. TBSA promoted the glucose-induced increase in TGs (11.3%), fatty acid synthase activity (32.6%), and lipogenic gene expression (21.6%–34.4%) in the IECs and acetylated ChREBP (10.5%) in HEK293T cells.
SGLT1/2 signaling and acetylated ChREBP mediated glucose-induced changes in glucose absorption and lipid metabolism in the intestine and IECs of yellow catfish.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Four kinds of porous carbon supported Au catalysts were compared for nitroaromatics reduction.•Hierarchical porous CB restricted Au catalyst (Au/CB) showed the highest catalytic ...activity.•The abundant hierarchical pore structure of CB contributed to improving the catalytic activity.•Au/CB catalyst still retained satisfying stability and activity after ten cycles.•AuNPs in Au/CB shows small size (2.5 nm) and high dispersion (>40%).
In this study, four kinds of porous carbon materials were used as supports to anchor gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for catalytic reduction of nitroaromatics and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was employed as a model material. Results identified that carbon black (CB) restricted-Au catalyst (Au/CB) provided large specific surface area, small AuNPs size, and low cost, which showed highly catalytic activity for 4-NP reduction. Besides, with the increase of Au loadings, the catalytic activity of Au/CB was enhanced and the 1.2 wt% of Au loading exhibited the best catalytic activity with the high rate of 0.8302 min−1 and the turnover frequency of 492.50 h−1. Universality and real water application demonstrated that the as-prepared Au/CB catalyst was promising candidate for other phenols and azo dyes reduction and had great potential for practical application. Furthermore, after ten cycles, Au/CB still retained satisfying stability and activity. These results suggested that the larger specific surface area and smaller particle size attributing to the porosity of CB were conducive to improving the catalytic activity of Au catalysts. This design shows high potential of hierarchical porous carbon materials for highly catalytic reaction in many fields, especially the water purification.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
With the increasing application of tetracycline (TC) in medical treatment, animal husbandry and aquaculture in recent decades, high quantities of TC have been frequently detected in the aquatic ...environment, and accordingly TC-related toxicity and environmental pollution have become a global concern. The present study was performed to explore the toxicological influences of TC exposure at its environmentally relevant concentrations on the gills of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, based on the alteration in histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, cell cycle, mitochondrial function, apoptosis, and transcriptomic analysis. Our findings revealed that TC exposure damaged the structure and function, induced oxidative stress, affected inflammatory responses, and reduced Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity in the gills. TC also caused the inhibition in cell cycle, resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and activated apoptosis. Further transcriptomic analysis indicated the extensive influences of TC exposure on the gill function, and immune system was the main target to waterborne TC exposure. These results elucidated that environmental TC had more complex toxicological effects on gills of fish than previously assessed, and provided novel insight into molecular toxicology of TC on fish and good basis for assessing the environmental risk of TC.
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•Tetracycline had widely toxicological effects on tilapia based on transcriptome analysis.•Tetracycline damaged function, induced oxidative stress and inflammation of gills.•Cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis were caused by tetracycline.•Phagosome was the most significantly impacted KEGG pathway after tetracycline exposure.•Tetracycline had more complex toxicological effects on gills than previously assessed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A simple and efficient synthetic protocol for the syntheses of spiro pyrano2,3- c pyrazole and spiro 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives via a one pot four-component reaction catalyzed by Dabco-based ...ionic liquids has been successfully developed. Under the same reaction conditions, when hydrazines were used as amine components to react with isatins, active methylenes and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, the reactions afforded spiro pyrano2,3- c pyrazoles in good to excellent yields (78–96%). While aromatic amines were used as amine components in the same reaction, a completely different product scaffold of spiro 1,4-dihydropyridines was obtained in moderate to good yields (52–93%). This synthetic protocol could be applicable to a wide range of substrates. The desired products are easily separated and purified by simple crystallization. The catalyst could be recycled five times. Plausible reaction mechanisms were proposed according to the experimental results.
Single atom catalysts (SACs) have shown their noticeable potential and gradually become a new favorite in catalytic field due to the particular selectivity, high catalytic performance, and strong ...durability. The most important factor in the synthesis of SACs is the selection of appropriate support and formation of metal–support interaction. Among a large number of nanomaterials, MXenes can be utilized as benign supports for fixing SACs because of their expansive specific surface area, regulable bandgap, superior electronic conductivity, and strong mechanical stability. The structure and property of MXenes can be manipulated by changing transition metal elements and surface termination. Here, the uniqueness and superiority of MXenes as superexcellent supports for confining SACs are analyzed from structure and property. The synthetic strategy of MXene‐supported SACs is also summarized, especially emphasizing the immobilization of isolated atom against aggregation by utilizing the formidable metal–support covalent coordination interaction. In addition, the applications of MXene‐supported SACs in electrocatalytic field are highlighted, including hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, overall water splitting, oxygen reduction reaction, and nitrogen reduction reaction. Finally, the challenges and prospects are pointed out for the further understanding and practical application of MXene‐supported SACs in electrocatalysis.
The unique properties of MXene such as abundant surface groups and metal vacancy defects have made it a superexcellent support for single atom catalysts (SACs). Herein, the uniqueness and superiority of MXenes for confining SACs are analyzed from structure and properties. The synthetic strategies of MXene‐supported SACs and their applications in electrocatalysis are elaborated. Finally, the limitations and opportunities are also presented.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Enrofloxacin (ENR), one representative of fluoroquinolones widely used in husbandry, poses potential threats to aquatic organisms. However, its toxicological effect remained largely unknown. Here, we ...explored the influences of environmentally relevant concentration of ENR exposure on the gills of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, a well-known freshwater teleost. After 10-weeks of waterborne ENR exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations, the gill tissues were collected and subsequently used for histopathology, enzyme activity, protein and mRNA expression analysis in yellow catfish. Our study revealed that waterborne ENR exposure reduced Na+/K+-ATPase activity, tight junction genes' expression and cytokines secretion, activated oxidative stress and induced apoptosis in gills. ENR exposure also activated MAPK signaling in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, we demonstrated that environmentally relevant concentration of ENR exposure activated oxidative stress and MAPK pathway, resulted in immune dysfunction and induced intrinsic apoptosis. These results elucidated that ENR, as an environmental pollutant, had more complex toxicological effects on gills of fish than previously assessed, which provided novel insight into ENR toxicology and the assessment of its environmental risks.
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•ENR exposure reduced Na+/K+-ATPase activity and tight junction genes' expression.•ENR exposure reduced cytokines secretion, activated oxidative stress and induced apoptosis.•ENR exposure also activated MAPK signaling in a concentration-dependent manner.•ENR hindered the functions of gills via complex toxicological mechanism.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Metabolic diseases have become major public health issues worldwide. Searching for effective drugs for treating metabolic diseases from natural compounds has attracted increasing attention. ...Quercetin, an important natural flavonoid, is extensively present in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. Due to its potentially beneficial effects on human health, quercetin has become the focus of medicinal attention. In this review, we provide a timely and comprehensive summary of the pharmacological advances and clinical data of quercetin in the treatment of three metabolic diseases, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Accumulating evidences obtained from animal experiments prove that quercetin has beneficial effects on these three diseases. It can promote insulin secretion, improve insulin resistance, lower blood lipid levels, inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress, alleviate hepatic lipid accumulation, and regulate gut microbiota disorders in animal models. However, human clinical studies on the effects of quercetin in diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and NAFLD remain scarce. More clinical trials with larger sample sizes and longer trial durations are needed to verify its true effectiveness in human subjects. Moreover, another important issue that needs to be resolved in future research is to improve the bioavailability of quercetin. This review may provide valuable information for the basic research, drug development, and clinical application of quercetin in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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