Abiotic stress severely influences plant growth and development. MYB transcription factors (TFs), which compose one of the largest TF families, play an important role in abiotic stress responses.
We ...identified 139 soybean MYB-related genes; these genes were divided into six groups based on their conserved domain and were distributed among 20 chromosomes (Chrs). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that GmMYB118 highly responsive to drought, salt and high temperature stress; thus, this gene was selected for further analysis. Subcellular localization revealed that the GmMYB118 protein located in the nucleus. Ectopic expression (EX) of GmMYB118 increased tolerance to drought and salt stress and regulated the expression of several stress-associated genes in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Similarly, GmMYB118-overexpressing (OE) soybean plants generated via Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A. rhizogenes)-mediated transformation of the hairy roots showed improved drought and salt tolerance. Furthermore, compared with the control (CK) plants, the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-transformed plants exhibited reduced drought and salt tolerance. The contents of proline and chlorophyll in the OE plants were significantly greater than those in the CK plants, whose contents were greater than those in the CRISPR plants under drought and salt stress conditions. In contrast, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly lower in the OE plants than in the CK plants, whose contents were lower than those in the CRISPR plants under stress conditions.
These results indicated that GmMYB118 could improve tolerance to drought and salt stress by promoting expression of stress-associated genes and regulating osmotic and oxidizing substances to maintain cell homeostasis.
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WRKYs are important regulators in plant development and stress responses. However, knowledge of this superfamily in soybean is limited. In this study, we characterized the drought- and salt-induced ...gene
based on RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR.
, which is 714 bp in length, encoded 237 amino acids and grouped into WRKY II. The promoter region of
included ABER4, MYB, MYC, GT-1, W-box and DPBF
-elements, which possibly participate in abscisic acid (ABA), drought and salt stress responses.
was minimally expressed in different tissues under normal conditions but highly expressed under drought and salt treatments. As a nucleus protein,
was responsive to drought, salt, ABA and salicylic acid (SA) stresses. Using a transgenic hairy root assay, we further characterized the roles of
in abiotic stress tolerance. Compared with control (Williams 82), overexpression of
enhanced drought and salt tolerance, increased proline (Pro) content and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content under drought and salt treatment in transgenic soybean seedlings. These results may provide a basis to understand the functions of
in abiotic stress responses in soybean.
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Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is involved in many developmental processes and responses to various abiotic stresses in plants. Most of the studies on melatonin focus on its functions and ...physiological responses in plants, while its regulation mechanism remains unknown. Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) functions at a key step of the biosynthesis process of melatonin. In this study, a COMT-like gene,
(Traes_1AL_D9035D5E0.1) was identified in common wheat (
L.). Transient transformation in wheat protoplasts determined that TaCOMT is localized in cytoplasm.
in wheat was induced by drought stress, gibberellin (GA)3 and 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA), but not by ABA. In
transgenic
, melatonin contents were higher than that in wild type (WT) plants. Under D-Mannitol treatment, the fresh weight of the transgenic
was significantly higher than WT, and transgenic lines had a stronger root system compared to WT. Drought tolerance assays in pots showed that the survival rate of
-overexpression lines was significantly higher than that of WT lines. this phenotype was similar to that the WT lines treated with melatonin under drought condition. In addition, the
transgenic lines had higher proline content and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared to WT lines after drought treatment. These results indicated that overexpression of the wheat
gene enhances drought tolerance and increases the content of melatonin in transgenic
. It could be one of the potential genes for agricultural applications.
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Abiotic stresses, such as drought and salt, are major environmental stresses, affecting plant growth and crop productivity. Plant bZIP transcription factors (bZIPs) confer stress resistances in harsh ...environments and play important roles in each phase of plant growth processes. In this research, 15 soybean bZIP family members were identified from drought-induced de novo transcriptomic sequences of soybean, which were unevenly distributed across 12 soybean chromosomes. Promoter analysis showed that these 15 genes were rich in ABRE, MYB and MYC
-acting elements which were reported to be involved in abiotic stress responses. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that 15
genes could be induced by drought and salt stress.
was significantly upregulated under stress conditions and thus was selected for further study. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the GmbZIP2 protein was located in the cell nucleus. qRT-PCR results show that
can be induced by multiple stresses. The overexpression of
in
and soybean hairy roots could improve plant resistance to drought and salt stresses. The result of differential expression gene analysis shows that the overexpression of
in soybean hairy roots could enhance the expression of the stress responsive genes
,
,
,
and
. These results indicate that soybean
s played pivotal roles in plant resistance to abiotic stresses.
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Summary
Drought and salt stresses impose major constraints on soybean production worldwide. However, improving agronomically valuable soybean traits under drought conditions can be challenging due to ...trait complexity and multiple factors that influence yield. Here, we identified a nuclear factor Y C subunit (NF‐YC) family transcription factor member, GmNF‐YC14, which formed a heterotrimer with GmNF‐YA16 and GmNF‐YB2 to activate the GmPYR1‐mediated abscisic acid (ABA) signalling pathway to regulate stress tolerance in soybean. Notably, we found that CRISPR/Cas9‐generated GmNF‐YC14 knockout mutants were more sensitive to drought than wild‐type soybean plants. Furthermore, field trials showed that overexpression of GmNF‐YC14 or GmPYR1 could increase yield per plant, grain plumpness, and stem base circumference, thus indicating improved adaptation of soybean plants to drought conditions. Taken together, our findings expand the known functional scope of the NF‐Y transcription factor functions and raise important questions about the integration of ABA signalling pathways in plants. Moreover, GmNF‐YC14 and GmPYR1 have potential for application in the improvement of drought tolerance in soybean plants.
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Summary
Abscisic acid (ABA) receptors are considered as the targeted manipulation of ABA sensitivity and water productivity in plants. Regulation of their stability or activity will directly affect ...ABA signalling. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades link multiple environmental and plant developmental cues. However, the molecular mechanism of ABA signalling and MAPK cascade interaction remains largely elusive.
TaMPK3 overexpression decreases drought tolerance and wheat sensitivity to ABA, significantly weakening ABA's inhibitory effects on growth. Under drought stress, overexpression lines show lower survival rates, shoot fresh weight and proline content, but higher malondialdehyde levels at seedling stage, as well as decreased grain width and 1000 grain weight in both glasshouse and field conditions at the adult stage. TaMPK3‐RNAi increases drought tolerance.
TaMPK3 interaction with TaPYL4 leads to decreased TaPYL4 levels by promoting its ubiquitin‐mediated degradation, whereas ABA treatment diminishes TaMPK3–TaPYL interactions. In addition, the expression of ABA signalling proteins is impaired in TaMPK3‐overexpressing wheat plants under ABA treatment. The MPK3‐PYL interaction module was found to be conserved across monocots and dicots.
Our results suggest that the MPK3‐PYL module could serve as a negative regulatory mechanism for balancing appropriate drought stress response with normal plant growth signalling in wheat.
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Crop productivity is challenged by abiotic stresses, among which drought stress is the most common. NF-Y genes, especially NF-YA genes, regulate tolerance to abiotic stress.
Soybean NF-Y gene GmNFYA5 ...was identified to have the highest transcript level among all 21 NF-YA genes in soybean (Glycine max L.) under drought stress. Drought-induced transcript of GmNFYA5 was suppressed by the ABA synthesis inhibitor naproxen (NAP). GmNFYA5 transcript was detected in various tissues at vegetative and reproductive growth stages with higher levels in roots and leaves than in other tissues, which was consist with the GmNFYA5 promoter: GUS fusion assay. Overexpression of GmNFYA5 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants caused enhanced drought tolerance in seedlings by decreasing stomatal aperture and water loss from leaves. Overexpression and suppression of GmNFYA5 in soybean resulted in increased and decreased drought tolerance, respectively, relative to plants with an empty vector (EV). Transcript levels of ABA-dependent genes (ABI2, ABI3, NCED3, LEA3, RD29A, P5CS1, GmWRKY46, GmNCED2 and GmbZIP1) and ABA-independent genes (DREB1A, DREB2A, DREB2B, GmDREB1, GmDREB2 and GmDREB3) in transgenic plants overexpressing GmNFYA5 were higher than those of wild-type plants under drought stress; suppression of GmNFYA5 transcript produced opposite results. GmNFYA5 probably regulated the transcript abundance of GmDREB2 and GmbZIP1 by binding to the promoters in vivo.
Our results suggested that overexpression of GmNFYA5 improved drought tolerance in soybean via both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways.
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Summary
Salt tolerance during seed germination is essential for seedling establishment under salt stress. Sirtuin‐like proteins, NAD+‐dependent histone deacetylases, are involved in plant responses ...to abiotic stresses; however, the regulatory mechanism remains unknown. We elucidated the mechanism underlying AtSRT2 (a sirtuin‐like protein)‐mediated regulation of salt tolerance during seed germination in Arabidopsis.
The AtSRT2 mutant srt2 exhibited significantly reduced seed germination percentages under salt stress; its targets were identified via chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with ultra‐high‐throughput parallel DNA sequencing (ChIP‐Seq) assay. Epistasis analysis was performed to identify AtSRT2‐related pathways.
Overexpression of SRT2.7, an AtSRT2 splice variant, rescued the salt‐sensitive phenotype of mutant srt2. AtSRT2 histone deacetylation activity was important for salt tolerance during seed germination. The acetylation level of histone H4K8 locus in srt2‐1 increased significantly under salt treatment. Vesicle‐associated membrane protein 714 (VAMP714), a negative regulator of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐containing vesicle trafficking in cells, was identified as a target of AtSRT2. AtSRT2 regulated histone acetylation in the promoter region of VAMP714 and inhibited VAMP714 transcription under salt treatment. Seed germination percentage of double‐mutant srt2‐1vamp714 was close to that of single‐mutant vamp714, and higher than that of single‐mutant srt2 under salt stress. Hydrogen peroxide content and DNA damage increased after salt treatment in srt2 during seed germination.
AtSRT2 regulates salt tolerance during seed germination through VAMP714 in Arabidopsis.
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Calmodulin-binding protein 60 (CBP60) members constitute a plant-specific protein family that plays an important role in plant growth and development. In the soybean genome, nineteen CBP60 members ...were identified and analyzed for their corresponding sequences and structures to explore their functions. Among GmCBP60A-1, which primarily locates in the cytomembrane, was significantly induced by drought and salt stresses. The overexpression of
enhanced drought and salt tolerance in
, which showed better state in the germination of seeds and the root growth of seedlings. In the soybean hairy roots experiment, the overexpression of
increased proline content, lowered water loss rate and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, all of which likely enhanced the drought and salt tolerance of soybean seedlings. Under stress conditions, drought and salt response-related genes showed significant differences in expression in hairy root soybean plants of
-overexpressing and hairy root soybean plants of RNAi. The present study identified
as an important gene in response to salt and drought stresses based on the functional analysis of this gene and its potential underlying mechanisms in soybean stress-tolerance.
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Background
A two‐step irradiance schedule has been found to be useful for pain control during photodynamic therapy (PDT) on nonmelanotic skin cancer and condyloma acuminatum.
Objectives
To evaluate ...the efficacy of a new three‐step irradiance schedule derived from the psychological “peak‐end rule” and two‐step irradiance schedule in relieving pain during 5‐aminolevulinic acid PDT (ALA‐PDT) on acne.
Methods
A total of 90 moderate to severe acne patients were enrolled in our study and randomly divided into two groups with a ratio of 1:1. They were treated by a light‐emitting diode light source of 633 ± 10 nm after being incubated with 5% ALA for an hour using a two‐step or three‐step irradiance schedule, respectively. The total irradiance intensity was 84 J/cm2 of each session and the treatment interval was 2 weeks. Pain was recorded 30 min after each PDT using a visual analog scale (VAS). Follow‐up was done at baseline and 2 weeks after each treatment. The numbers of lesions were counted after the third treatment through the pictures taken before and all the side effects were recorded at each follow‐up visit.
Results
Eighty‐seven subjects completed the total three treatments (44 cases in Group A and 43 cases in Group B). The average VAS of Group B (1.61 ± 0.67) was significantly lower than that of Group A (3.14 ± 0.67), with a difference of 1.52 ± 0.08 (p < 0.0001) between them. Both groups received a similar effective rate after the total three sessions (88.64% vs. 88.37%, p > 0.05).
Conclusions
The new three‐step irradiance method could relieve pain during ALA‐PDT more significantly than the two‐step schedule with a similar effective rate.
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