The existence of planetary radiation belts with relativistic electron components means that powerful acceleration mechanisms are operating within their volume. Mechanisms that bring charged particles ...planetward toward stronger magnetic fields can cause their heating. On the basis that electron fluxes in Saturn's radiation belts are enhanced over discrete energy intervals, previous studies have suggested that rapid inward plasma flows may be controlling the production of their most energetic electrons. However, rapid plasma inflows languish in the planet's inner magnetosphere, and they are not spatially appealing as a mechanism to form the belts. Here we show that slow, global-scale flows resulting from transient noon-to-midnight electric fields successfully explain the discretized flux spectra at quasi- and fully relativistic energies, and that they are ultimately responsible for the bulk of the highest energy electrons trapped at Saturn. This finding is surprising, given that plasma flows at Saturn are dominated by the planetary rotation; these weak electric field perturbations were previously considered impactful only over a very narrow electron energy range where the magnetic drifts of electrons cancel out with corotation. We also find quantitative evidence that ultrarelativistic electrons in Jupiter's radiation belts are accelerated by the same mechanism. Given that similar processes at Earth drive a less efficient electron transport compared to Saturn and Jupiter, the conclusion is emerging that global-scale electric fields can provide powerful relativistic electron acceleration, especially at strongly magnetized and fast-rotating astrophysical objects.
Wetland restoration is an important means to ensure the continuous delivery of ecosystem services by wetland ecosystems. This paper aims to assist policymakers in formulating efficient and ...sustainable wetland restoration policies by providing the results of a preference assessment study on coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay in China. A choice experiment is employed to examine public preferences for alternative scenarios for Jiaozhou Bay coastal wetland restoration. The restoration improvement is described in terms of four attributes: fishery resources, natural coastline, water quality and biodiversity. The result from the random parameter logit reveals that fishery resources are the strongest predictor of choice, followed by natural coastline and water quality, while biodiversity is a weaker predictor. The result also shows that individuals located nearby the coastal wetland express a higher willingness to contribute to the restoration of the coastal wetland. The findings can provide policymakers with information about tradeoffs that could be used to enhance public support and maximize the social benefits of a coastal wetland restoration program.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Metcalfe ’s law states that the value of a network grows as the square of the number of its users (
V
∝
n
2
), which was validated by actual data of Facebook and Tencent in 2013–2015. Since then, the ...users and the values of Facebook and Tencent have increased significantly. Is Metcalfe’s law still valid? This paper leverages the latest data of Facebook and Tencent to fit the network effect laws and makes the following observations: 1) actual data of network values fit a cube law (
V
∝
n
2
) better than Metcalfe’s law; 2) actual data of network costs fit a cube law; 3) actual data of network sizes show a growth trend matching the netoid function well. We also discuss the underlying factors affecting such observations and the generality of the network effect laws.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
It is particularly essential to analyze the complex crosslinked networks within polyamide membranes and their correlation with separation efficiency for the insightful tailoring of desalination ...membranes. However, using the degree of network crosslinking as a descriptor yields abnormal analytical outcomes and limited correlation with desalination performance due to imperfections in segmentation and calculation methods. Herein, we introduce a more rational parameter, denoted as harmonic amide bond density (HABD), to unravel the relationship between the crosslinked networks of polyamide membranes and their desalination performance. HABD quantifies the number of distinct amide bonds per unit mass of polyamide, based on a comprehensive segmentation of polyamide structure and consistent computational protocols derived from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. Compared to its counterpart, HABD overcomes the limitations and offers a more accurate depiction of the crosslinked networks. Empirical data validate that HABD exhibits the expected correlation with the salt rejection and water permeance of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration polyamide membranes. Notably, HABD is applicable for analyzing complex crosslinked polyamide networks formed by highly functional monomers. By offering a powerful toolbox for systematic analysis of crosslinked polyamide networks, HABD facilitates the development of permselective membranes with enhanced performance in desalination applications.
Discoidin, CUB, and LCCL domain-containing type I (DCBLD1) is identified as an oncogene involved in multiple regulation of tumor progression, but specific mechanisms remain unclear in cervical ...cancer. Lactate-mediated lactylation modulates protein function. Whether DCBLD1 can be modified by lactylation and the function of DCBLD1 lactylation are unknown. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the lactylation of DCBLD1 and identify its specific lactylation sites. Herein, we elucidated the mechanism by which lactylation modification stabilizes the DCBLD1 protein. Furthermore, we investigated DCBLD1 overexpression activating pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to promote the progression of cervical cancer.
DCBLD1 expression was examined in human cervical cancer cells and adjacent non-tumorous tissues using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to investigate the impact of DCBLD1 on the progression of cervical cancer. Untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics studies were used to characterize DCBLD1-induced metabolite alterations. Western blot, immunofuorescence and transmission electron microscopy were performed to detect DCBLD1 degradation of G6PD by activating autophagy. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, dual luciferase reporter assay for detecting the mechanism by which lactate increases DCBLD1 transcription. LC-MS/MS was employed to verify specific modification sites within the DCBLD1 protein.
We found that lactate increased DCBLD1 expression, activating the PPP to facilitate the proliferation and metastasis of cervical cancer cells. DCBLD1 primarily stimulated PPP by upregulating glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) expression and enzyme activity. The mechanism involved the increased enrichment of HIF-1α in the DCBLD1 promoter region, enhancing the DCBLD1 mRNA expression. Additionally, lactate-induced DCBLD1 lactylation stabilized DCBLD1 expression. We identified DCBLD1 as a lactylation substrate, with a predominant lactylation site at K172. DCBLD1 overexpression inhibited G6PD autophagic degradation, activating PPP to promote cervical cancer progression. In vivo, 6-An mediated inhibition of G6PD enzyme activity, inhibiting tumor proliferation.
Our findings revealed a novel post-translational modification type of DCBDL1, emphasizing the significance of lactylation-driven DCBDL1-mediated PPP in promoting the progression of cervical cancer.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) are a key pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau phosphorylation is suggested to be secondary to amyloid-beta (Aβ) ...accumulation. However, the mechanism by which Aβ induces tau phosphorylation in neurons remains unclear. Neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) is a receptor for Aβ and mediates Aβ neurotoxicity, implying that p75NTR may mediate Aβ-induced tau phosphorylation in AD. Here, we showed that Aβ-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration, including tau phosphorylation, synaptic disorder and neuronal loss, in the brains of both male wild-type (Wt) mice and male P301L transgenic mice (a mouse model of human tauopathy) were alleviated by genetic knockout of p75NTR in the both mouse models. We further confirmed that the activation or inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) significantly changed Aβ/p75NTR-mediated p-tau levels in neurons. Treatment of male P301L mice with soluble p75NTR extracellular domain (p75ECD-Fc), which antagonizes the binding of Aβ to p75NTR, suppressed tau hyperphosphorylation. Taken together, our findings suggest that p75NTR meditates Aβ-induced tau pathology and is a potential druggable target for AD and other tauopathies.
•p75NTR mediates Aβ-induced neuronal tau hyperphosphorylation.•The calpain/CDK5 and AKT/GSK3β pathways are involved in Aβ/p75NTR-induced tau hyperphosphorylation.•Modulation of p75NTR is a potential therapeutic approach to rescue brain tau pathology in AD.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Interfacial polymerization serves as a revolutionary technique to create polymer membranes such as polyamides, polyesters, and covalent organic frameworks, holding exceptional promise in numerous ...scenarios from liquid and gas separation to energy conversion and harvesting. Despite significant achievements, the fundamental principles of interfacial polymerization have been rarely discussed systemically, particularly from the perspective of thermodynamics, kinetics, and their combinations. This knowledge gap results in the lack of rational design and tailoring of interfacial polymerization. This review aims to revisit interfacial polymerization, integrating thermodynamics and kinetics to bridge the remained knowledge gap. We dissect the process into distinct physicochemical stages, including monomer dissolution, molecular diffusion, chemical reactions, and phase separation. Each stage is examined using thermodynamic and kinetic theories, underlining recent strides in refining process control. Furthermore, the review confronts the unresolved theoretical aspects of interfacial polymerization and the challenges inherent in mastering its controllability. We conclude by offering insights into how a controlled approach to interfacial polymerization could substantially transform the landscape of state-of-the-art polymer membranes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
It is very challenging to detect traffic signs using a high-precision real-time approach in realistic scenes with respect to driver-assistance systems for driving vehicles and autonomous driving. To ...address this challenge, in this paper, a new detection scheme (named MSA_YOLOv3) is proposed to accurately achieve real-time localization and classification of small traffic signs. First, data augmentation is achieved using image mixup technology. Second, a multi-scale spatial pyramid pooling block is introduced into the Darknet53 network to enable the network to learn object features more comprehensively. Finally, a bottom-up augmented path is designed to enhance the feature pyramid in YOLOv3, and the result is to achieve accurate localization of objects by utilizing fine-grained features effectively in the lower layers. According to the tests on the TT100K dataset (which is a dataset for traffic sign detection), the performance of the proposed MSA_YOLOv3 is better than that of YOLOv3 in detecting small traffic signs. The detection speed of MSA_YOLOv3 is 23.81 FPS, and the mAP (mean Average Precision) reaches up to 86%.
A Janus membrane with opposing wettability was first reported with both function of water-to-oil and oil-to-water emulsification. This membrane is conveniently fabricated by single-surface deposition ...of polydopamine/polyethylenimine (PDA/PEI). The asymmetric wettability can also reduce the transmembrane resistance during the process, indicating an economical and promising strategy to prepare various emulsions. This research opens a novel avenue for exploring and understanding the Janus membrane, and provides a perspective to design the asymmetric membrane structures with promoted performance in conventional membrane processes.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Superhydrophobic coating has attracted increasing attention due to its exceptional performance, yet fabricating a stable superhydrophobic coating on metal surfaces remains challenging. In this study, ...a superhydrophobic PTFE coating on the stainless-steel surface with a high stability and versatile performance was fabricated by the simple electrodeposition and high-temperature curing. This approach allowed the superhydrophobic PTFE coating on any metal surfaces to be fabricated in a few minutes. It was found that the addition of water in the solution played a key role in the coating stability, which was speculated that a stable structure of MgO-MgCl2-H2O formed as an adhesive underlayer for the PTFE coating. Furthermore, the surface morphology and hydrophobicity of the coating could be controlled by the bubbles formation on samples surfaces by varying water contents during the electrodeposition. The coating exhibited a maximum water contact angle of 158 ± 2°, and the performance tests indicated that the superhydrophobic PTFE coating exhibits the outstanding stability, self-cleaning property, anti-condensation, corrosion resistance and anti-scale ability. The scale inhibiting rate of the coated surface was up to 80.75 % after 12-hour immersion in the CaCO3 solution. The optimized parameters for the electrodeposition route are highly desirable for the development of the advanced superhydrophobic PTFE coatings for various applications.
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•A superhydrophobic PTFE coating on any metal surfaces with a high stability was fabricated in a few minutes by the simple electrodeposition.•The addition of water in the solution played a key role in the coating stability, which was speculated that a stable structure of MgO-MgCl2-H2O formed as an adhesive underlayer.•The surface morphology and hydrophobicity of the coating could be controlled by altering water contents during the electrodeposition.•The superhydrophobic PTFE coating exhibits the outstanding self-cleaning property, anti-condensation, corrosion resistance and anti-scale ability.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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