This randomized, open‐label, parallel group study examined the effects of food, antacid, and age on the pharmacokinetics of vorapaxar. In total, 101 subjects were enrolled including 83 young adults ...(18–45 years) and 18 elderly subjects (>65 years). Subjects received single‐dose vorapaxar 40 mg after a 10‐hour fast (young and elderly) or with extra‐strength antacid, food, or 1 or 2 hours after food (young only). Vorapaxar 40 mg was rapidly absorbed after a fast (median Tmax: 1 hour). Administration with food or 1 or 2 hours post‐meal modestly increased vorapaxar mean area under the curve (AUC) and Cmax and prolonged median Tmax by 1 hour. Concomitant food modestly increased vorapaxar AUC from time zero to infinity AUC(I) and Cmax 43% and 31%, respectively. Antacid modestly decreased vorapaxar AUC(I) by 15% and Cmax by 38%, and increased median Tmax by 1 hour. Vorapaxar AUC(I) and Cmax were 41% and 29% higher, respectively, in elderly versus young subjects. Concomitant food and older age were associated with modest increases, and antacid was associated with a small decrease in vorapaxar exposure, which are not expected to affect the drug's safety or efficacy.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Vorapaxar is a novel orally active thrombin receptor antagonist selective for the PAR‐1 receptor. This open‐label, single‐center, fixed‐sequence, 2‐period, 2‐treatment study assessed the ...pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single‐dose digoxin in the presence/absence of multiple‐dose vorapaxar. Eighteen healthy adult subjects received two treatments in a fixed sequence separated by ≥8‐day washout: (A) digoxin 0.5 mg (Day 1); (B) vorapaxar 2.5 mg/day Days 1–6 and single‐dose vorapaxar 40 mg administered with single‐dose digoxin 0.5 mg Day 7. The geometric mean ratio (%; GMR) for the two treatments (digoxin alone and digoxin plus vorapaxar) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for and AUCtf and Cmax of digoxin were calculated. Pharmacodynamics of digoxin was assessed by measuring changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters. The GMR (90% CIs) estimates for digoxin AUCtf and Cmax were 105% (91, 121) and 154% (130, 181), respectively. Except for differences in peak plasma concentrations, the pharmacokinetics of digoxin were similar between the two treatments. Coadministration of vorapaxar plus digoxin had no effect on digoxin Tmax or ECG parameters. The results of this study suggest that the coadministration of vorapaxar and digoxin is unlikely to cause a clinically significant drug–drug interaction.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Measurements on a continuous variable in dose-response studies may indicate that not all animals are affected by the treatment. Boos and Brownie (1991) used a two-component normal mixture model to ...describe the treatment distribution. The problem is to estimate the proportion of the treatment group which responds to the treatment and to estimate the treatment effect. A comparable non-parametric mixture model is proposed where measurements in the treatment group arise from a mixture of (i) a component analogous to the distribution of the response measurement in the control group and (ii) a mean shifted component. Several semi-parametric approaches are developed to solve this problem when the normal distribution is not assumed. Large sample properties are derived and robustness is discussed for the semiparametric estimators. The location-shift mixture model can also be extended to a location-scale mixture where both the location and scale parameters for the second component are allowed to change. Tests of treatment effect and dose effect are also discussed.
ZnO-CC and ZnO/Bi2WO6-CC with different Bi2WO6 loadings layered heterostructures photocatalysts were synthesized on flexible carbon clothes (CC) substrate by the thermal decomposition-hydrothermal ...method. By characterizing the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under ultraviolet light irradiation, Z3B-CC (3 wt% Bi2WO6) showed the best photocatalytic effect, and the photodegradation rate of MB was as high as 96.9% in about 100 min. This new ZnO/Bi2WO6-CC layered heterostructure exhibits prominent photocatalytic performance, which is mainly ascribed to the type II band structure formed by ZnO and Bi2WO6. The appropriate energy band position further facilities the effective transfer of carriers and realizes the photocatalytic process of the heterostructure. This study is prospective to provide new ideas for the synthesis of other high-efficiency heterostructure photocatalytic designs, and it also has reference value for the synthesis of flexible photocatalytic materials with excellent performance.
•ZnO/Bi2WO6-CC photocatalyst exhibited prominent photocatalytic performance.•Carbon clothes can be recycled as the flexible substrate for the photocatalyst.•The combination of Bi2WO6 and ZnO forms a type II energy band structure.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The platform consists of three modules, which are pre‐configured bioinformatic pipelines, cloud toolsets, and online omics' courses. The pre‐configured bioinformatic pipelines not only combine ...analytic tools for metagenomics, genomes, transcriptome, proteomics and metabolomics, but also provide users with powerful and convenient interactive analysis reports, which allow them to analyze and mine data independently. As a useful supplement to the bioinformatics pipelines, a wide range of cloud toolsets can further meet the needs of users for daily biological data processing, statistics, and visualization. The rich online courses of multi‐omics also provide a state‐of‐art platform to researchers in interactive communication and knowledge sharing.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•The quality of tomatoes was predicted by hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics.•12 quality indexes of three varieties of tomato were measured in the study.•A new comprehensive quality index (CQI) ...was proposed through factor analysis.•The MLR model was established to predict the comprehensive quality of tomatoes.
The quality of tomatoes is usually predicted by measuring a single index, rather than a comprehensive index. To find a comprehensive index, visible and near infrared (Vis-NIR) hyperspectral imaging was used for capturing the images of three varieties of tomatoes, and twelve quality indexes were measured as the reference standards. The changing trends and correlations of different indexes were analyzed, and comprehensive quality index (CQI) was proposed through factor analysis. The characteristic wavelengths were selected by successive projection algorithm (SPA) based on the hyperspectral data, which was used to establish three regression models for CQI prediction. The result indicated that MLR achieved good performance withRV2 = 0.87, RMSEV = 1.33 and RPD = 2.58. After that, spatial distribution map was generated to visualize the CQI in tomato fruit. This study indicated that the comprehensive quality of tomatoes can be predicted non-destructively based on hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics, determining the optimal harvesting period.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Poor water resistance and nongreen synthesis remain great challenges for commercial narrow red-emitting phosphor A2MF6:Mn4+ (A = alkali metal ion; M = Si, Ge, Ti) for solid-state lighting and ...display. We develop here a simple and green growth route to synthesize homogeneous red-emitting composite phosphor K2SiF6:Mn4+@K2SiF6 (KSFM@KSF) with excellent water resistance and high efficiency without the usage of toxic and volatile hydrogen fluoride solution. After immersing into water for 6 h, the as-obtained water-resistant products maintain 76% of the original emission intensity, whereas the emission intensity of non-water-resistant ones steeply drops down to 11%. A remarkable result is that after having kept at 85% humidity and at 85 °C for 504 h (21 days), the emission intensity of the as-obtained water-resistant products is at 80–90%, from its initial value, which is 2–3 times higher than 30–40% for the non-water-resistant products. The surface deactivation-enabled growth mechanism for these phosphors was proposed and investigated in detail. We found that nontoxic H3PO4/H2O2 aqueous solution promotes the releasing and decomposition of the surface MnF62– ions and the transformation of the KSFM surface to KSF, which finally contributes to the homogeneous KSFM@KSF composite structure. This composite structure strategy was also successfully used to treat KSFM phosphor prepared by other methods. We believe that the results obtained in the present paper will open the pathway for the large-scale environmentally friendly synthesis of the excellent antimoisture narrow red-emitting A2MF6:Mn4+ phosphor to be used for white light-emitting diode applications.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
The domain orientations’ distributions in the unpoled lanthanum and niobium-doped lead zirconate titanate (La,Nb-doped PZT) ceramics after the application of different poling electric fields (
E
P
n
...) were studied based on in situ polarization angle analysis by Raman spectroscopy in a parallel
y
(
z
θ
,
z
θ
)
y
configuration. Ten grains were randomly selected within the same polycrystalline La,Nb-doped PZT ceramic specimen, and the polarization angle (
θ
)—dependent Raman spectra were in situ measured before and after
E
P
n
. It was found that the intensity ratio of Raman optical modes
I
E(2TO)
/I
E(3TO+2LO)+B1
varied periodically by 180° with the polarized direction of the laser beam. The decreases in the mean orientation angle and the standard deviation revealed that the preferred domain orientation tended to be distributed more and more closely in the direction towards the poled electric field with the enhanced strengths in
E
P
n
. Furthermore, the larger linear proportional coefficient
α
N
(
E
)
indicated that the degree of the preferred domain orientation decayed more slowly with the development of fatigue on the more strongly poled La,Nb-doped PZT ceramic due to a more serious reduction in the ability of 90° domain switching resulted from the easier pining of ferroelectric domains, in the scope of lattice vibration. The method introduced in this work might be applicable to investigate the domain orientation distribution in polycrystalline ferroelectrics and to predict the similar electrical fatigue behavior for other ferroelectric ceramic materials.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) is a superior material due to its light weight and high strength. There however remain significant lacunae in engineering knowledge with regards to shear failure ...of LWAC beams. Focusing on exploring the shear resistance and the corresponding size effect in shear failure of LWAC beams wrapped with CFRP sheets, we propose a 3D meso-scale simulation method to evaluate the structural behavior of both LAWC and NWC (normal weight concrete) beams wrapped with CFRP sheets. The concrete material is viewed as a complex heterogeneous material consisting of mortar matrix in which are dispersed various aggregates with interface transition zone between them. It is hypothesized here the CFRP and the concrete beams are perfectly bonded and we investigate the effects of structural size, of CFRP ratio and of aggregate type on the shear failure of a CFRP-strengthened concrete beam. Besides, we analyze also the shear contribution by CFRP on the LWAC beams having different structural sizes (i.e. beam-depth) and the size effect on the nominal shear strength of CFRP-strengthened LWAC beams. Based on the numerical results via 3D mesoscale simulation, we propose a novel size effect law that can quantitatively describe the influence of CFRP fiber ratio on shear strength of the CFRP-strengthened concrete beam, and the newly proposed law is verified by experimental data and simulation results.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Electric fatigue behaviors of the poled lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics were investigated using a home-made electric loading apparatus in conjunction with a conventional X-ray ...diffractometer. The XRD data were measured under actions of the applied direct current electric fields on the as-received poled PLZT specimens being experienced various cycles (10
N
) of alternating current (AC) electric fields. Experimental data showed that in addition to apparent degradation in remnant polarization, asymmetries in hysteresis loops and fraction of 90° domain switching curves were observed. It was found that an offset electrical field (
Δ
E
N
) was induced in the poled specimen by polarization with its direction against the direction of the polarization. Furthermore, the magnitude of
Δ
E
N
and the degree of asymmetry (
δ
N
) decreased as the number of AC electric fatigue cycles (10
N
) varied from 10
0
to 10
6
. In situ XRD data suggested that the poled specimen exhibited different abilities to reorient
a
-domains into
c
-domains when the applied electric fields were opposite. The
δ
N
not only depended linearly on
Δ
E
N
, but also on abilities of the poled specimen to reorient
a
-domains into
c
-domains.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
