When reclaimed water is used as municipal miscellaneous water, acute exposure of the generated aerosol with high levels of endotoxins can cause severe inflammation in the lungs. However, the ...potential risks of long-term inhalation of reclaimed water remains unclear. To identify the adverse effects of sub-chronic reclaimed water inhalation and explain the underlying mechanisms, a mouse model of 12-week sub-chronic exposure was established, and wastewater before a membrane bioreactor (MBR, positive control) and the MBR effluent (reclaimed water, which met the quality standard of urban use and was currently used for landscape irrigation) were tested in this study. The exposure dose was set to approach the real working scenarios. Lung lavage and histology were analyzed. Obvious epithelial cell apoptosis in the bronchi was observed, along with the accumulation of myofibroblasts and the collagen deposition both in main bronchi and terminal bronchioles. All these symptoms were persistent after 4 weeks of recovery. Inflammation and induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (iBALT) were also observed but diminished after recovery indicating inflammation may not be the direct cause of the symptom. Furthermore, two fibrogenic cytokines (TNF-α and TGF-β) were constantly high in the lung during the study. They might be the biomarkers of lung damage after the inhalation of reclaimed water. Adaptive immune responses were also detected as elevated levels of IgG and IgA, but not for IgE. Inhalation of reclaimed water causes sustained fibrotic lesions in the lungs, which suggests potential health risks during urban application where aerosols generated.
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•Inhalation of reclaimed water at an environmental dose cause lung injury in mice.•Inflammation induced by LPS initiated the damage but was reversible.•Airway epithelial cell apoptosis persisted after 4-week recovery.•Profibrotic lesions, myofibroblast and collagen accumulation, were irreversible.•Constantly high TNF-α and TGF-β levels mediated the lung injury.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Chlorinated reclaimed water is widely used for landscaping and recreational purposes, resulting in human exposure to toxic disinfection byproducts. Although the quality of chlorinated reclaimed water ...might be affected by sunlight during storage, the effects of solar light irradiation on the toxicity remain unknown. This study investigated the changes in cytotoxicity and total organic halogen (TOX) of chlorinated reclaimed water exposed to solar light. Irradiation with solar light for 12 h was found to significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of chlorinated reclaimed water by about 75%, with ultraviolet light being responsible for the majority of this reduction. Chlorine residual in reclaimed water tended to increase the cytotoxicity, and the synergy between solar light and free chlorine could not enhance the reduction of cytotoxicity. Adding hydroxyl radical scavengers revealed that the contribution of hydroxyl radical to cytotoxicity reduction was limited. Solar light irradiation concurrently reduced TOX. The low molecular weight (<1 kDa) fraction was the major contributor of cytotoxicity and TOX in chlorinated reclaimed water. Detoxification of the low molecular weight fraction by light irradiation was mainly a result of TOX dehalogenation, while detoxification of the high molecular weight (>1 kDa) fraction was probably caused by photoconversion from high toxic TOX to low toxic TOX.
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•Solar light reduced cytotoxicity and AOX of chlorinated reclaimed water.•Ultraviolet light played the leading role in cytotoxicity reduction.•Removal in cytotoxicity of low MW fraction resulted from dehalogenation of AOX.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•O3 and BAC synergistically degraded the pollutants in biotreated textile wastewater.•Ozonated hydrophobic/hydrophilic fluorophores were more susceptible to BAC.•O3-BAC removed more low-MW fraction ...and formed less high-MW fraction than BAC.•Changing patterns of EDC-SUVA254 were different for ozonation and BAC.
The advanced treatment of bio-treated dyeing and finishing wastewater (BDFW) in textile industries is urgently necessitated to reduce the discharge of pollutants from industrial wastewater and enhance wastewater reclamation. In this study, it was found that ozonation and biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) can synergistically degrade the dissolved organic carbon (43.0%), chemical oxygen demand (45.8%), color (73.0%), and specific UV absorbance (SUVA254) (29.7%) of BDFW. BAC alone could hardly degrade the fluorophore, but ozonation can transfer hydrophobic or hydrophilic protein-like fluorophore to less fluorescent transformation products that were more susceptible to biological degradation by BAC treatment. In comparison to BAC alone, O3-BAC, on one way, promoted the mineralization (27.0%–36.3%) of DOC and the degradation of chromophores (43.8%–48.0%) with low MW (<1 kDa); on another way, inhibited the formation of high MW fraction (>3 kDa) that was formed by BAC. Ozonation of BDFW resulted in a larger decrease of SUVA254 than electron donating capacity (EDC), while the BAC treatment of BDFW and ozonated BDFW induced contrasting results. This was likely due to the different degradation patterns that O3 decomposed DOM dominantly via the O3-addtion reactions, while biological process would simultaneously reduce low MW fractions with relatively higher EDC and form high MW fractions with lower EDC and more aromaticity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Phononic crystals (PnC) are a remarkable example of acoustic metamaterials with superior wave attenuation mechanisms for piezoelectric micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) resonators to reduce the ...energy dissipation. Herein, a spider web-like PnC (SW-PnC) is proposed to sufficiently isolate the wave vibration. Finite-element analysis is performed to gain insight into the transmission property of finite PnC, and band characteristics by infinite periods. In comparison with the circle hole PnC at a similar bandgap, due to its already very lightweight PnC structure compared with previously reported PnCs, the proposed PnC offers a significantly lighter weight, smaller lattice constant, and greater energy leakage inhibition. More specifically, the resonator with the SW-PnC plate as the anchoring substrate exhibited a quality factor as high as 66569.7 at 75.82 MHz.
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•EOM formed more N-DBPs and TOX than NOM during chlorination.•ROS damaged DNA, RNA and proteins then led to cell cycle arrest, necrosis and apoptosis.•Chlorinated EOM caused higher ...oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.•Oxidative stress especially ROS was the major cause of toxicity.
During unplanned indirect potable reuse, treated wastewater that contains effluent organic matter (EOM) enters the drinking water source, resulting in different toxicity from natural organic matter (NOM) in surface water during chlorination. This study found that, during chlorination, EOM formed more total organic halogen (TOX) and highly toxic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) like dichloroacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane than NOM did. Oxidative stress including both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells substantially increased when exposed to chlorinated EOM and chlorinated NOM. The excessive ROS damaged biological macromolecules including DNA, RNA to form 8-hydroxy-(deoxy)guanosine and proteins to form protein carbonyls. Impaired macromolecule further triggered cell cycle arrest at the S and G2 phases, led to cell apoptosis and eventual necrosis. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chlorinated EOM were both higher than those of chlorinated NOM. Adding the blocker L-buthionine-sulfoximine of intracellular antioxidant glutathione demonstrating that oxidative stress might be responsible for toxicity. ROS was further identified to be the main cause of toxicity induction. These findings highlight the risk from chlorinated EOM in the case of unplanned indirect potable reuse, because it showed higher level of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than chlorinated NOM via inducing more ROS in mammalian cells.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•The nanodrug delivery systems are able to reach gliomas in situ through the blood–brain barrier.•The nanodrug delivery systems have slow-release behavior.•The nanodrug delivery ...systems have redox reactivity and pH sensitive release characteristics.
Brain glioma is a highly comorbid tumor with high mortality. In this study, plasma complex component-functionalized manganese-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (PMMSN) were prepared and loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) by adsorption for brain glioma treatment. The nanodrug delivery system crossed the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and exhibited redox responsiveness and pH-sensitive release characteristics. In vivo imaging revealed the ability of the preparation to cross the BBB, and oxidative stress studies revealed the redox properties of the carrier material. The drug release data indicated that the amount of drug released from the drug-loaded samples (PMMSN-PTX) in medium at pH 5.0 was 84.1 ± 1.62 % after 10 h, whereas it was 53.7 ± 1.53 % in pH 7.4 medium after 24 h. These findings demonstrated that the drug was pH sensitive and released slowly. In vitro cell-based assays, including cellular uptake, flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining, showed that PMMSN-PTX facilitated drug delivery across the BBB and promoted tumor cell apoptosis. These in vivo antitumor effects further demonstrated that it significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation. We believe that PMMSN-PTX is a promising bionic nanosystem agent that could be used as a new agent for treating glioma.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To explore the wide-frequency damping and vibration-attenuation performances in the application of aerospace components, the cylindrical sandwich shell structure with a gradient core of entangled ...wire mesh was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the gradient cores of entangled wire mesh in the axial and radial directions were prepared by using an in-house Numerical Control weaving machine, and the metallurgical connection between skin sheets and the gradient core was performed using vacuum brazing. Secondly, to investigate the mechanical properties of cylindrical sandwich shells with axial or radial gradient cores, quasi-static and dynamic mechanical experiments were carried out. The primary evaluations of mechanical properties include secant stiffness, natural frequency, Specific Energy Absorption (SEA), vibration acceleration level, and so on. The results suggest that the vibration-attenuation performance of the sandwich shell is remarkable when the high-density core layer is at the end of the shell or abuts the inner skin. The axial gradient material has almost no influence on the vibration frequencies of the shell, whereas the vibration frequencies increase dramatically when the high-density core layer approaches the skin. Moreover, compared to the conventional sandwich shells, the proposed functional grading cylindrical sandwich shell exhibits more potential in mass reduction, stiffness designing, and energy dissipation.
•A novel cylindrical sandwich shell with gradient entangled wire mesh core is proposed.•Secant stiffness, natural frequency, Specific Energy Absorption and vibration acceleration level are evaluated.•The vibration-attenuation performance of the gradient sandwich structure is remarkable.•The developed structure exhibits more potential in mass reduction, stiffness designing, and energy dissipation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
An accurate intraoperative prediction of lymph node metastatic risk can help surgeons in choosing precise surgical procedures. We aimed to develop and validate nomograms to intraoperatively predict ...patterns of regional lymph node (LN) metastasis in patients with esophageal cancer.
The prediction model was developed in a training cohort consisting of 487 patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy with complete LN dissection from January 2016 to December 2016. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify independent risk factors that were incorporated into a prediction model and used to construct a nomogram. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography reported LN status and was an important comparative factor of clinical usefulness in a validation cohort. Nomogram performance was assessed in terms of calibration, discrimination, and clinical usefulness. An independent validation cohort comprised 206 consecutive patients from January 2017 to December 2017.
Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression revealed three independent predictors of metastatic regional LNs, three independent predictors of continuous regional LNs, and two independent predictors of skipping regional LNs. Independent predictors were used to build three individualized prediction nomograms. The models showed good calibration and discrimination, with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.737, 0.738, and 0.707. Application of the nomogram in the validation cohort yielded good calibration and discrimination, with AUC values of 0.728, 0.668, and 0.657. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the three nomograms were clinically useful in the validation cohort.
This study presents three nomograms that incorporate clinicopathologic factors, which can be used to facilitate the intraoperative prediction of metastatic regional LN patterns in patients with esophageal cancer.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The present study explored the risk factors associated with radiotherapy in seniors diagnosed with limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) to construct and validate a prognostic nomogram. The ...study retrospectively included 137 elderly patients with LS-SCLC who previously received radiotherapy. Univariate and multivariate COX analyses were conducted to identify independent risk factors and determine optimal cut-off values. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and nomograms were constructed to predict survival. Calibration and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the accuracy and consistency of the nomogram. Illness rating scale-geriatric (CIRS-G) score, treatment strategy, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), white blood cell-to-monocyte ratio (WMR), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were discovered to be independent prognostic factors. Based on the findings of our multivariate analysis, a risk nomogram was developed to assess patient prognosis. Internal bootstrap resampling was utilized to validate the model, and while the accuracy of the AUC curve at 1 year was modest at 0.657 (95% CI 0.458-0.856), good results were achieved in predicting 3- and 5 year survival with AUCs of 0.757 (95% CI 0.670-0.843) and 0.768 (95% CI 0.643-0.893), respectively. Calibration curves for 1-, 3-, and 5 year overall survival probabilities demonstrated good cocsistency between expected and actual outcomes. Patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy, CIRS-G score > 5 points and low PNI, WMR and LMR correlated with poor prognosis. The nomogram model developed based on these factors demonstrated good predictive performance and provides a simple, accessible, and practical tool for clinicians to guide clinical decision-making and study design.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
By integrating open metal sites, Lewis basic sites, and tortuous diffusion paths, a new metal–organic framework has been designed and synthesized, which exhibits high adsorption capacity and ...excellent selectivity for separating a C3H4/C3H6 mixture. Meanwhile, the molecular packing state, dynamic diffusion coefficient of gases within the framework, and binding interaction are studied by molecular simulations.
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